Fig. 5.

Energy depletion stiffens the cell cytoplasm. (A) Relaxation curves for control cells (black) and for cells depleted in ATP (red). (B) Average values of the shear modulus G₀, the storage modulus G′, and the loss modulus G″ in control cells and in cells depleted with ATP. (C) Maps showing the distribution of the shear modulus G₀ in control cells and in cells depleted in ATP. (D) Plots of the shear modulus as a function of the distance to the nucleus in control cells and in cells depleted in ATP (Left) and corresponding shear modulus gradients (Right). Data were obtained from n = 33 and 37 beads in control and ATP depletion conditions, respectively. Error bars represent SEs. P values are determined from Student’s t test for unpaired samples with respect to control cells (**P < 0.001; *P < 0.01; and n.s., nonsignificant).