Table 1.
Documented examples of regeneration through adaptive cell plasticity in kingdom Animalia.
| Organism | Organ / Tissue | Cell Conversion Type | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cnidarians (Hydra vulgaris AEP) | Hypostome (Granular mucous cells ) | Direct | Siebert et al. 200873 |
| Echinoderms (Eupentacta fraudatrix) | Digestive tract (anterior rudiment) | Direct | Mashanov et al. 200574 |
| Echinoderms (Holothuria forskali) | Cuvierian tubules | Indirect | VandenSpiegel et al. 200075 |
| Echinoderms (Apostichopus japonicus) | Respiratory trees | Direct & Indirect | Dolmatov and Ginanova 200976 |
| Fish (Zebrafish) (Danio rerio) | Liver | Indirect | He et al. 201477 |
| Fish (Zebrafish) (Danio rerio) | Heart | Indirect | Zhang et al. 201378 |
| Teleosts (Zebrafish) (Danio rerio) | Fin rays (osteoblasts-depleted fins) | Indirect | Singh et al. 201233 |
| Teleosts (Zebrafish) (Danio rerio) | Lateral line and inner ears (sensory hair cells) | Direct | Reviewed in: Monroe et al. 201579 |
| Amphibians: Anures (Frog) (Xenopus laevis) | Lens regeneration & Neural retina regeneration | Indirect | Yoshii et al. 200780 |
| Amphibians: Urodeles (Newt) (Notophthalmus viridescens) (Triturus viridescens) (Cynops pyrrhogaster) | Wolffian lens regeneration & Neural retina regeneration | Indirect | Reviewed in: Barbosa-Sabanero, et al. 201281; Tsonis et al. 200482 |
| Avians (Chick) (Gallus gallus) | Cochlea (sensory hair cells) | Direct & Indirect | Reviewed in: Stone and Cotanche 200783 |
| Mammals (Mouse) (Mus musculus) JUVENILES |
Pancreas (β-cells) | Indirect | Chera et al. 201450 |
| Mammals (Mouse) (Mus musculus) ADULTS |
Pancreas (β-cells) | Direct | Thorel, Népote et al. 201048 |
| Mammals (Mouse) (Mus musculus) | Skin and heart | Direct | Davis, Burr et al. 201284 Reviewed in: Hinz 200785 |
| Mammals (Mouse) (Mus musculus) | Peripheral nerves (Wallerian degeneration) | Indirect | Arthur-Farraj et al. 201286 Reviewed in: Jessen et al. 201587 Jessen et al. 201522 |
| Mammals (Mouse) (Mus musculus) NEONATAL |
Cochlea (sensory hair cells) | Direct & Indirect | Bramhall et al. 201488 Cox et al. 201489 Reviewed in: Richardson and Atkinson 201590 |
| Mammals (Mouse) (Mus musculus) | Liver (biliary epithelial cells) | unknown | Yanger et al. 201391 |