(A) Hpx− cells were cultured in aerobic glucose medium. Where indicated, 8 μM H2O2, branched-chain amino acids (BCAA: Leu, Ile, and Val), and/or leucine were added. (B) Hpx− cells containing either pLEUCD2 (overproducing isopropylmalate isomerase) or pWKS30 (an empty vector) were cultured in lactose minimal medium with or without leucine supplementation. All media included histidine and aromatic amino acids. The pLEUCD2 plasmid boosted the isopropylmalate isomerase activity of anaerobic cultures about three-fold.