Figure 2.

Schematic of the investigated pharmacodynamic models. (A) The 16 investigated models are constructed by combining the following submodels: Direct or delayed biophase concentration through distribution to a hypothetical effect compartment, dynamic or direct receptor binding using the steady-state approximation and direct proportional or sigmoid signal transduction or delayed signal transduction applying a turnover model. (B) Example of a full model where all three processes are assumed to be dynamic and cause delay between plasma concentration and drug effect.