TABLE 1.
Study Population Characteristics by Exposure Group
| Overall n = 73 |
Low n = 35 |
High n = 38 |
P | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median age (range) | 23.7 (18–43) | 23.9 (19–43) | 23.6 (18–41) | 0.57* |
| Median years of service (range) | 4.0 (0.5–20) | 4.0 (0.5–20) | 3.3 (0.5–17) | 0.45* |
| Median BMI (range) | 25.6 (18–34) | 25.8 (22–34) | 25.6 (18–34) | 0.81* |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||
| Male | 61 (84) | 24 (69) | 37 (97) | 0.001† |
| Female | 12 (16) | 11 (31) | 1 (3) | |
| Base, n (%) | 0.02† | |||
| 1 | 20 (27.4) | 11 (31) | 9 (24) | |
| 2 | 20 (27.4) | 15 (43) | 5 (13) | |
| 3 | 33 (45.2) | 9 (26) | 24 (63) | |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 0.18† | |||
| Yes | 33 (45) | 13 (37) | 20 (53) | |
| No | 40 (55) | 22 (63) | 18 (47) | |
| Average cigarettes smoked per day, n (%) | 0.01‡ | |||
| None | 40 (55) | 22 (63) | 18 (47) | |
| 1/4 pack | 19 (26) | 8 (23) | 11 (29) | |
| 1/2 pack | 9 (12) | 1 (3) | 8 (21) | |
| 1 pack | 4 (6) | 4 (11) | 0 | |
| Missing | 1 (1) | 0 | 1 (3) | |
| Cigarettes smoked during work shift, n (%) | ||||
| Day 2 | 0.50‡ | |||
| None | 48 | 26 | 22 | |
| 1/4 pack | 18 | 7 | 11 | |
| 1/2 pack | 3 | 2 | 1 | |
| Missing | 4 | 0 | 4 | |
| Number of BBQ/grilled meals during work shift | ||||
| Day 2 | 0.34‡ | |||
| 0 | 56 | 26 | 30 | |
| 1 | 8 | 4 | 4 | |
| 2 | 2 | 2 | 0 | |
| 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | |
| 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 | |
| Missing | 4 | 0 | 4 | |
| Race, n (%) | 0.83† | |||
| White | 53 (73) | 25 (71) | 28 (74) | |
| Nonwhite | 20 (27) | 10 (29) | 10 (26) | |
| Marital status, n (%) | 0.94‡ | |||
| Single | 28 (38) | 13 (37) | 15 (39) | |
| Married | 40 (55) | 20 (57) | 20 (53) | |
| Divorced | 5 (7) | 2 (6) | 3 (8) | |
| Live on base, n (%) | 0.007† | |||
| Yes | 35 (48) | 11 (31) | 24 (63) | |
| No | 38 (52) | 24 (69) | 14 (37) | |
| Education, n (%) | 0.64† | |||
| High school | 60 (82) | 28 (80) | 32 (84) | |
| More than high school | 13 (18) | 7 (20) | 6 (16) | |
| GSTM1, n (%) | 0.19† | |||
| Null | 35 (48) | 13 (37) | 22 (58) | |
| Present | 34 (47) | 18 (51) | 16 (42) | |
| Missing§ | 4 (5) | 4 (11) | 0 | |
| GSTT1, n (%) | 0.45† | |||
| Null | 9 (12) | 3 (9) | 6 (16) | |
| Present | 60 (82) | 28 (80) | 32 (84) | |
| Missing§ | 4 (5) | 4 (11) | 0 | |
*
Wilcoxon ranked sum test.
†
Chi-square test.
‡
Fisher exact test
§
Blood samples were not collected from participants.
BBQ, barbeque; BMI, body mass index; GSTM1, glutathione S-transferase mu-1; GSTT1, glutathione S-transferase theta-1.