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. 2016 Oct 28;224(3):168–189. doi: 10.1027/2151-2604/a000252

Table 3. Characteristics of selected experiments examining the effects of MSIS on prosociality.

Study N Sample type Type of synchrony Comparison group(s) Design Outcomes Hedges’ g with 95% CI
Notes. c = Children; s = students; M = Mixed (not only students); n.a. = information not available; AM = active movement; PM = passive movement; SS = sensory stimulation; 1 = same m/s; coordinated (anti-phase); 2 = same m/s, not coordinated; 3 = different m/s, interacting; 4 = different m/s; not interacting; 5 = no group setting; 6 = no treatment; b = between-subjects design; w = within-subjects design; a = affiliation; con = conformity; coop = cooperation; f = fusion; hb = helping behavior; oa = other-related attention.
1 Anshel & Kipper, 1988 (music sample) 48 n.a. AM 4 b a, coop 0.74 [0.16, 1.32]
Anshel & Kipper, 1988 (no music sample) 48 n.a. AM 4 b a, coop 0.71 [0.12, 1.30]
2 Bufalari, Lenggenhager, Porciello, Serra Holmes, & Aglioti, 2014 27 n.a. SS 2 w a, f 0.83 [0.39, 1.27]
3 Cacioppo et al., 2014 47 M AM 2 w a 0.30 [0.01, 0.60]
4 Cardini, Tajadura-Jiménez, Serino, & Tsakiris, 2013 25 n.a. SS 2 w f 0.51 [0.10, 0.92]
5 Cirelli, Einarson, & Trainor, 2014 68 C PM 2, 1 b hb 0.09 [−0.49, 0.68]
6 Cirelli, Wan, & Trainor, 2014 28 C PM 2 b hb 0.57 [−0.20, 1.34]
7 Dong, Dai, & Wyer, 2015 85 S AM 2 b f, oa 0.89 [0.35, 1.43]
8 Fessler & Holbrook, 2014 96 S AM 2 b a, f 0.69 [0.28, 1.10]
9 Fini, Cardini, Tajadura-Jiménez, Serino, & Tsakiris, 2013 30 n.a. SS 2 w a,f 0.46 [0.08, 0.84]
10 Harmon-Jones, 2011 (singing sample) 52 S AM 4 b a −0.16 [−0.70, 0.38]
Harmon-Jones, 2011 (speaking sample) 53 S AM 4 b a, coop 0.32 [−0.21, 0.86]
11 Hove & Risen, 2009 69 S AM 2, 5 b a 0.73 [0.13, 1.32]
12 Kirschner & Tomasello, 2010 96 C AM 3 b coop, hb 0.59 [0.17, 1.02]
13 Kokal et al., 2011 18 n.a. AM 2 b hb 1.26 [0.29, 2.24]
14 Kurzban, 2001 (male participants) 139 S AM 3, 6 b coop −0.27 [−0.80, 0.26]
Kurzban, 2001 (female participants) 149 S AM 3, 6 b coop 0.17 [−0.35, 0.68]
15 Launay, Dean, & Bailes, 2013 38 M AM 2 w coop 1.08 [0.34, 1.82]
16 Launay, Dean, & Bailes, 2014 (sample 1) 33 S AM 2 b a 0.72 [0.02, 1.42]
Launay, Dean, & Bailes, 2014 (sample 2) 41 S AM 2 b a 0.44 [−0.19, 1.07]
17 Lumsden, Miles, & Macrae, 2014 64 n.a. AM 2 b a, f 0.36 [−0.13, 0.85)
18 Macrae, Duffy, Miles, & Lawrence, 2008 30 S AM 1, 5 b oa 1.14 [0.47, 2.36]
19 Maister, Cardini, Zamariola, Serino, & Tsakiris, 2015 16 n.a. SS 2 w a, f 0.02 [−0.46, 0.51]
20 Maister, Tsiakkas, & Tsakiris, 2013 15 n.a. SS 2 w f, oa 0.65 [0.12, 1.19]
21 Mazzurega, 2010 (sample 2) 24 S SS 2 w a, f 0.70 [0.26, 1.14]
Mazzurega, 2010 (sample 2) 25 S SS 2 w a, f 0.70 [0.27, 1.13]
22 Mazzurega et al., 2011 18 S SS 2 w a, f, con 0.28 [−0.19, 0.75]
23 Miles, Nind, Henderson, & Macrae, 2010 36 S AM 1 b oa 0.96 [0.28, 1.63]
24 Paladino et al., 2010 16 S SS 2 w a, f, con 0.60 [0.09, 1.11]
25 Porciello et al., 2014 38 n.a. SS 2 w f 1.00 [0.43, 1.58]
26 Rabinowitch & Knafo-Noam, 2015 148 C AM 2, 6 b f 0.53 [0.06, 0.99]
27 Reddish, 2012 91 S AM 2, 4 b f, coop −0.01 [−0.63, 0.43]
28 Reddish, Bulbulia, & Fischer, 2013 (sample 1) 81 S AM 2, 4 b f, hb 0.22 [−0.31, 0.74]
Reddish, Bulbulia, & Fischer, 2013 (sample 2) 65 n.a. AM 3 b a, coop, f, hb 0.08 [−0.40, 0.56]
29 Reddish, Fischer, & Bulbulia, 2013 (sample 1) 119 n.a. AM 2, 4 b a, coop, f 0.46 [−0.05, 0.96]
Reddish, Fischer, & Bulbulia, 2013 (sample 2) 27 n.a. AM 1 b a, coop, f 0.41 [−0.36, 1.17]
Reddish, Fischer, & Bulbulia, 2013 (sample 3: group goal) 42 n.a. AM 1, 2 b a, coop, f, oa 0.13 [−0.54, 0.81]
Reddish, Fischer, & Bulbulia, 2013 (sample 3: individual goal) 40 n.a. AM 1, 2 b a, coop, f, oa 0.06 [−0.66, 0.78]
30 Rennung & Göritz, 2016 23 M AM 2 b a 1.35 [0.47, 2.24]
31 Schachner & Mehr, 2015 (sample 1) 27 S AM 2 b a, coop, f −0.04 [−0.77, 0.70]
Schachner & Mehr, 2015 (sample 2) 55 n.a. AM 2 b a, con, f −0.11 [−0.64, 0.41]
Schachner & Mehr, 2015 (sample 3) 45 n.a. AM 1, 5 b a, f 0.29 [−0.42, 1.00]
Schachner & Mehr, 2015 (sample 4) 120 M AM 2, 1 b hb −0.03 [−0.39, 0.32]
32 Sforza, Bufalari, Haggard, & Aglioti, 2010 24 n.a. SS 2, 6 w f 1.12 [0.62, 1.62]
33 Shaw, Czekóová, Chromec, Mareček, & Brázdil, 2013 72 S AM 2, 1, 5 b a, coop 0.33 [−0.32, 0.97]
34 Son, 2013 336 S AM 2 b f 0.23 [0.01; 0.44]
35 Tajadura-Jiménez et al., 2012 (sample 1) 256 M SS 2 w f 0.54 [0.41, 0.68]
Tajadura-Jiménez et al., 2012 (sample 2) 56 M SS 2 w a, f 0.68 [0.39, 0.97]
36 Tajadura-Jiménez, Grehl, & Tsakiris, 2012 (sample 1) 39 n.a. SS 2 w f 0.39 [0.07, 0.71]
Tajadura-Jiménez, Grehl, & Tsakiris, 2012 (sample 2) 20 n.a. SS 2 w f 0.72 [−0.26, 1.70]
Tajadura-Jiménez, Grehl, & Tsakiris, 2012 (sample 3) 30 n.a. SS 2 w f 0.27 [−0.08, 0.63]
37 Tajadura-Jiménez, Lorusso, & Tsakiris, 2013 30 S SS 2 w a, f 0.32 [−0.04, 0.68]
38 Valdesolo & DeSteno, 2011 69 n.a. AM 2 b a, f, hb 0.73 [0.25, 1.23]
39 Valdesolo, Ouyang, & DeSteno, 2010 76 n.a. AM 2 b coop, f 0.73 [0.20, 1.26]
40 Wiltermuth, 2012a (sample 1) 70 S AM 2, 1 b f 0.52 [−0.06, 1.09]
Wiltermuth, 2012a (sample 2) 89 n.a. AM 1, 2, 5 b con 0.62 [0.01, 1.24]
41 Wiltermuth, 2012b 156 S AM 2, 4 b con, f 0.66 [0.14, 1.18]
42 Wiltermuth & Heath, 2009 (sample 1) 30 n.a. AM 2 b a, coop, f 1.14 [0.39, 1.89]
Wiltermuth & Heath, 2009 (sample 2) 96 n.a. AM 2, 4 b coop, f 0.83 [0.33, 1.34]
Wiltermuth & Heath, 2009 (sample 3) 105 n.a. AM 2, 4 b a, coop, f 0.53 [0.06, 1.00]