Fig. 2.

Indolepyruvate inhibits the ability of LPS to induce glycolysis. BMDM were preincubated with indolepyruvate at a final concentration of 1 mM for 30 min before stimulation with LPS (100 ng/mL) for 24 h. (A) The proton production rate (PPR) was measured as described in Materials and Methods. ***P < 0.001. (B) The levels of glucose consumed from the supernatant was measured as described in Materials and Methods and (C) an LDH assay was performed to ensure indolepyruvate was not toxic at this concentration. **P < 0.01. One millimolar indolepyruvate was added to BMDM for 25 h and then the levels of cell death were measured as described in Materials and Methods. The level of cell death is presented as fold over untreated. These are representative of at least three independent experiments. IP, indolepyruvate; NS, not significant.