. 2016 Nov 7;113(48):13803–13808. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1606378113

Table S3.

Effect of adding environmental variables to models

Model no.	Fixed effects	Variables included in model			N
Model no.	Fixed effects	Only life history	Only environmental	All variables	N
Model 1	Intercept	Coef = 0.10 ± 0.04	Coef = −0.09 ± 0.09	Coef = −0.09 ± 0.09	60 species, 108 studies, 336 effect sizes
	Intercept	F_1,89.9 = 13.57, P = 0.0005	F_1,91.0 = 13.23, P = 0.0002	F_1,88.9 = 13.57, P = 0.0005
	Environmental predictability		Coef = 0.20 ± 0.08	Coef = 0.14 ± 0.09
	Environmental predictability		F_1,91.7 = 6.73, P = 0.011*	F_1,92.7 = 2.66, P = 0.11
	Environmental quality		Coef = 0.32 ± 0.09	Coef = 0.32 ± 0.09
	Environmental quality		F_2,191.8 = 7.13, P = 0.0010**	F_2,192.2 = 7.14, P = 0.0010**
	Siblings present y/n	Coef = −0.28 ± 0.11		Coef = −0.20 ± 0.12
	Siblings present y/n	F_1,71.8 = 6.69, P = 0.0097**		F_1,73.7 = 2.86, P = 0.095.

Model 2	Intercept	Coef = 0.31 ± 0.09	Coef = −0.09 ± 0.09	Coef = 0.05 ± 0.12
	Intercept	F_1,34.1 = 12.61, P = 0.0002	F_1,91.0 = 13.23, P = 0.0002	F_1,89.6 = 13.45, P = 0.0004
	Environmental predictability		Coef = 0.20 ± 0.08	Coef = 0.18 ± 0.08
	Environmental predictability		F_1,91.7 = 6.73, P = 0.011*	F_1,92.6 = 4.86, P = 0.03*
	Environmental quality		Coef = 0.32 ± 0.09	Coef = 0.32 ± 0.09
	Environmental quality		F_2,191.8 = 7.13, P = 0.0010**	F_2,192.2 = 7.18, P = 0.0010**
	Brood size	Coef = −0.04 ± 0.02		Coef = −0.04 ± 0.02
	Brood size	F_1,31.0 = 4.57, P = 0.033*		F_1,96.1 = 3.07, P = 0.083.
Model 3	Intercept	Coef = 0.21 ± 0.07	Coef = −0.06 ± 0.09	Coef = 0.03 ± 0.11	51 species, 98 studies, 317 effect sizes
	Intercept	F_1,79.1 = 9.14, P = 0.0034	F_1,81.7 = 15.70, P = 0.0002	F_1,78.6 = 9.04, P = 0.0036
	Environmental predictability		Coef = 0.19 ± 0.08	Coef = 0.09 ± 0.09
	Environmental predictability		F_1,81.9 = 5.26, P = 0.024*	F_1,81.2 = 0.92, P = 0.34
	Environmental quality		Coef = 0.32 ± 0.09	Coef = 0.32 ± 0.09
	Environmental quality		F_2,183.8 = 6.93, P = 0.0013**	F_2,182.4 = 6.86, P = 0.0013**
	Siblings present y/n	Coef = −0.33 ± 0.11		Coef = -0.27 ± 0.13
	Siblings present y/n	F_1,67.0 = 8.45, P = 0.0050**		F_1,69.3 = 4.14, P = 0.046*
	No. future broods possible	Coef = -0.02 ± 0.01		Coef = −0.02 ± 0.01
	No. future broods possible	F_1,87.9 = 3.13, P = 0.080.		F_1,89.9 = 2.03, P = 0.16

Model 4	Intercept	Coef = 0.65 ± 0.14	Coef = −0.06 ± 0.09	Coef = 0.39 ± 0.18
	Intercept	F_1,78.1 = 20.21, P = 0.0000	F_1,81.7 = 15.70, P = 0.0002	F_1,80.6 = 19.77, P = 0.0000
	Environmental predictability		Coef = 0.19 ± 0.08	Coef = 0.12 ± 0.08
	Environmental predictability		F_1,81.9 = 5.26, P = 0.024*	F_1,80.7 = 2.02, P = 0.16
	Environmental quality		Coef = 0.32 ± 0.09	Coef = 0.32 ± 0.09
	Environmental quality		F_2,183.8 = 6.93, P = 0.0013**	F_2,184.3 = 6.86, P = 0.0013**
	Brood size	Coef = −0.08 ± 0.02		Coef = −0.07 ± 0.03
	Brood size	F_1,82.2 = 11.87, P = 0.0009***		F_1,85.1 = 8.2, P = 0.005**
	No. future broods possible	Coef = −0.03 ± 0.01		Coef = −0.03 ± 0.01
	No. future broods possible	F_1,83.5 = 7.22, P = 0.0087**		F_1,85.5 = 5.13, P = 0.026*
Model 5	Intercept	Coef = 0.64 ± 0.18	Coef = −0.06 ± 0.09	Coef = 0.46 ± 0.20	49 species, 96 studies, 314 effect sizes
	Intercept	F_1,76.5 = 8.58, P = 0.0045	F_1,80.7 = 14.47, P = 0.0003	F_1,76.1 = 8.42, P = 0.0049
	Environmental predictability		Coef = 0.17 ± 0.08	Coef = 0.07 ± 0.09
	Environmental predictability		F_1,81.0 = 4.44, P = 0.038*	F_1,79.1 = 0.63, P = 0.43
	Environmental quality		Coef = 0.32 ± 0.09	Coef = 0.32 ± 0.09
	Environmental quality		F_2,184.5 = 6.94, P = 0.0012**	F_2,185.3 = 6.79, P = 0.0014**
	Siblings present y/n	Coef = −0.11 ± 0.14		Coef = −0.07 ± 0.15
	Siblings present y/n	F_1,84.2 = 0.42, P = 0.42		F_1,83.7 = 0.19, P = 0.67
	No. future broods possible	Coef = −0.05 ± 0.01		Coef = −0.04 ± 0.02
	No. future broods possible	F_1,95.4 = 9.39, P = 0.0028**		F_1,96.4 = 7.87, P = 0.0061**
	Full vs. half siblings likelihood	Coef = −0.39 ± 0.15		Coef = −0.39 ± 0.15
	Full vs. half siblings likelihood	F_1,112.5 = 6.94, P = 0.0096**		F_1,111.5 = 6.76, P = 0.011*

Model 6	Intercept	Coef = 0.83 ± 0.16	Coef = −0.06 ± 0.09	Coef = 0.62 ± 0.20
	Intercept	F_1,76.5 = 21.95, P = 0.0000	F_1,80.7 = 14.47, P = 0.0003	F_1,77.7 = 21.23, P = 0.0000
	Environmental predictability		Coef = 0.17 ± 0.08	Coef = 0.06 ± 0.08
	Environmental predictability		F_1,81.0 = 4.44, P = 0.038*	F_1,78.9 = 0.62, P = 0.43
	Environmental quality		Coef = 0.32 ± 0.09	Coef = 0.32 ± 0.09
	Environmental quality		F_2,184.5 = 6.94, P = 0.0012**	F_2,186.8 = 6.78, P = 0.0014**
	Brood size	Coef = −0.05 ± 0.03		Coef = -0.04 ± 0.03
	Brood size	F_1,87.1 = 3.07, P = 0.083.		F_1,87.1 = 2.51, P = 0.12
	No. future broods possible	Coef = −0.05 ± 0.01		Coef = −0.05 ± 0.01
	No. future broods possible	F_1,86.4 = 13.09, P = 0.00050***		F_1,89.7 = 10.15, P = 0.0020**
	Full vs. half siblings likelihood	Coef = −0.33 ± 0.14		Coef = −0.31 ± 0.14
	Full vs. half siblings likelihood	F_1,89.6 = 5.98, P = 0.016*		F_1,90.3 = 5.14, P = 0.026*

Model 7	Intercept	Coef = 0.65 ± 0.23	Coef = 0.08 ± 0.11	Coef = 0.56 ± 0.25	31 species, 68 studies, 230 effect sizes
	Intercept	F_1,55.6 = 4.93, P = 0.030	F_1,2.7 = 9.24, P = 0.0000	F_1,54.8 = 4.32, P = 0.045
	Environmental predictability		Coef = 0.13 ± 0.10	Coef = 0.07 ± 0.11
	Environmental predictability		F_1,33.1 = 1.43, P = 0.24	F_1,58.1 = 4.73, P = 0.036*
	Environmental quality		Coef = 0.22 ± 0.09	Coef = 0.22 ± 0.09
	Environmental quality		F_2,128.2 = 2.95, P = 0.056.	F_2,127.4 = 3.09, P = 0.049*
	Siblings present y/n	Coef = 0.00 ± 0.22		Coef = 0.06 ± 0.24
	Siblings present y/n	F_1,60.5 = 0, P = 1		F_1,60.2 = 1.11, P = 0.30
	No. future broods possible	Coef = -0.03 ± 0.02		Coef = −0.03 ± 0.02
	No. future broods possible	F_1,58.4 = 3.10, P = 0.083.		F_1,60.0 = 0.08, P = 0.79
	Full vs. half siblings likelihood	Coef = -0.43 ± 0.22		Coef = −0.44 ± 0.22
	Full vs. half siblings likelihood	F_1,76.0 = 3.77, P = 0.056.		F_1,74.9 = 1.07, P = 0.31
	Promiscuity (% EPPbr)	Coef = 0.00 ± 0.01		Coef = 0.00 ± 0.01
	Promiscuity (% EPPbr)	F_1,58.5 = 0.04, P = 0.84		F_1,57.9 = 1.22, P = 0.28

Model 8	Intercept	Coef = 0.81 ± 0.19	Coef = 0.08 ± 0.11	Coef = 0.68 ± 0.23
	Intercept	F_1,55.9 = 17.26, P = 0.0001	F_1,2.7 = 9.24, P = 0.0000	F_1,55.4 = 18.95, P = 0.0001
	Environmental predictability		Coef = 0.13 ± 0.10	Coef = 0.05 ± 0.10
	Environmental predictability		F_1,33.1 = 1.43, P = 0.24	F_1,57.5 = 4.73, P = 0.035*
	Environmental quality		Coef = 0.22 ± 0.09	Coef = 0.22 ± 0.09
	Environmental quality		F_2,128.2 = 2.95, P = 0.056.	F_2,128.0 = 2.94, P = 0.057.
	Brood size	Coef −0.07 ± 0.03		Coef= −0.06 ± 0.03
	Brood size	F_1,66.2 = 3.87, P = 0.053.		F_1,64.6 = 3.29, P = 0.076.
	No. future broods possible	Coef = −0.04 ± 0.02		Coef = −0.04 ± 0.02
	No. future broods possible	F_1,58.3 = 4.94, P = 0.038*		F_1,60.5 = 0.03, P = 0.87
	Full vs. half siblings likelihood	Coef = -0.19 ± 0.18		Coef = −0.18 ± 0.19
	Full vs. half siblings likelihood	F_1,67.1 = 1.00, P = 0.32		F_1,67.8 = 2.45, P = 0.12
	Promiscuity (% EPPbr)	Coef = 0.00 ± 0.01		Coef = 0.00 ± 0.01
	Promiscuity (% EPPbr)	F_1,58.5 = 0.27, P = 0.61		F_1,57.5 = 1.24, P = 0.27

Coefficient, Wald statistic, and P value for fixed effects for three sets of models: (i) a model with life history variables only (models correspond to Table 1); (ii) a model with environmental variables only; and (iii) a model with all fixed effects included. Results are the mean from 500 ASReml linear mixed models. Models controlled for phylogeny, repeated measures, and were weighted by study sample size (the number of broods used to calculate the original test statistic). Fixed effects in bold are significant at the P < 0.05 level, and in italics at the P < 0.10 level.