Table 3.
Multivariate Hazard Ratios (HRs) for invasive melanoma according to alcoholic beverage intake in Nurses’ Health Study (NHS), Nurses’ Health Study II (NHSII) and Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (HPFS)
| Drinks Consumed | Beer | Red wine | White wine | Liquor* | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cases (n) | HR** | Cases (n) | HR** | Cases (n) | HR** | Cases (n) | HR** | |
| NHS (women) | ||||||||
| None | 399 | Ref. | 315 | Ref. | 251 | Ref. | 348 | Ref. |
| 1–3/m | 41 | 0.86 (0.62, 1.19) | 91 | 1.36 (1.04, 1.77) | 105 | 0.98 (0.76, 1.27) | 48 | 0.75 (0.55, 1.03) |
| 1/wk | 20 | 1.14 (0.72, 1.80) | 26 | 1.02 (0.66, 1.60) | 43 | 1.05 (0.72, 1.51) | 31 | 1.13 (0.77, 1.66) |
| 2–4/wk | 18 | 0.65 (0.40, 1.06) | 41 | 1.83 (1.26, 2.67) | 49 | 1.03 (0.72, 1.48) | 61 | 0.94 (0.70, 1.26) |
| ≥ 5/wk | 10 | 0.81 (0.43, 1.53) | 15 | 0.99 (0.58, 1.69) | 40 | 1.31 (0.91, 1.87) | ||
| P for trend | 0.94 | 0.90 | 0.12 | 0.85 | ||||
| Per drink/d | 1.01 (0.79, 1.30) | 1.01 (0.83, 1.23) | 1.12 (0.97, 1.28) | 0.98 (0.84, 1.16) | ||||
| NHSII (women) | ||||||||
| None | 249 | Ref. | 267 | Ref. | 198 | Ref. | 301 | Ref. |
| 1–3/m | 52 | 1.16 (0.85, 1.59) | 51 | 0.75 (0.54, 1.03) | 99 | 1.34 (1.03, 1.75) | 58 | 0.96 (0.71, 1.28) |
| 1/wk | 16 | 0.95 (0.56, 1.59) | 36 | 1.26 (0.85, 1.88) | 41 | 1.35 (0.92, 1.99) | 16 | 0.76 (0.45, 1.28) |
| 2–4/wk | 55 | 1.19 (0.87, 1.63) | 21 | 0.82 (0.50, 1.33) | 36 | 1.69 (1.13, 2.52) | 14 | 0.74 (0.42, 1.27) |
| ≥ 5/wk | 17 | 1.39 (0.84, 2.31) | 14 | 1.26 (0.72, 2.21) | 15 | 1.23 (0.71, 2.13) | ||
| P for trend | 0.70 | 0.42 | 0.60 | 0.29 | ||||
| Per drink/d | 1.10 (0.68, 1.78) | 1.10 (0.88, 1.38) | 1.06 (0.86, 1.30) | 0.84 (0.61, 1.16) | ||||
| HPFS (men) | ||||||||
| None | 216 | Ref. | 273 | Ref. | 220 | Ref. | 225 | Ref. |
| 1–3/m | 83 | 1.02 (0.78, 1.33) | 75 | 0.66 (0.49, 0.88) | 117 | 1.13 (0.87, 1.46) | 92 | 1.58 (1.21, 2.05) |
| 1/wk | 38 | 0.89 (0.62, 1.28) | 51 | 0.82 (0.58, 1.17) | 68 | 1.24 (0.90, 1.72) | 46 | 1.43 (1.02, 2.00) |
| 2–4/wk | 97 | 0.99 (0.75, 1.29) | 53 | 0.92 (0.65, 1.30) | 47 | 0.97 (0.68, 1.40) | 129 | 1.22 (0.96, 1.55) |
| ≥ 5/wk | 56 | 1.05 (0.76, 1.43) | 38 | 0.92 (0.64, 1.34) | 40 | 1.66 (1.15, 2.39) | ||
| P for trend | 0.81 | 0.70 | 0.02 | 0.73 | ||||
| Per drink/d | 1.02 (0.89, 1.16) | 1.03 (0.89, 1.19) | 1.19 (1.03, 1.37) | 1.02 (0.90, 1.16) | ||||
| Meta-analysis (all cohorts) | ||||||||
| None | 864 | Ref | 797 | Ref. | 669 | Ref. | 874 | Ref. |
| 1–3/m | 176 | 1.01 (0.85, 1.21) | 226 | 0.88 (0.55, 1.39) | 321 | 1.14 (0.95, 1.36) | 198 | 1.05 (0.68, 1.63) |
| 1/wk | 74 | 0.97 (0.76, 1.25) | 100 | 1.00 (0.78, 1.30) | 152 | 1.21 (0.98, 1.48) | 93 | 1.12 (0.81, 1.56) |
| 2–4/wk | 170 | 0.96 (0.72, 1.28) | 159 | 1.12 (0.68, 1.85) | 132 | 1.18 (0.85, 1.65) | 204 | 1.01 (0.78, 1.31) |
| ≥ 5/wk | 83 | 1.08 (0.84, 1.38) | 85 | 1.01 (0.77, 1.32) | 95 | 1.42 (1.13, 1.80) | ||
| P for trend† | 0.54 | 0.47 | <0.01 | 0.86 | ||||
| Per drink/d | 1.02 (0.91, 1.14) | 1.04 (0.94, 1.15) | 1.13 (1.04, 1.24) | 0.99 (0.90, 1.09) | ||||
The highest consumption category for liquor is “2+ drinks/wk”
Values are reported as multivariate adjusted relative risks (95% confidence intervals). The covariates in this model are age, BMI, smoking status, physical activity, caffeine intake, family history of melanoma, tanning ability, lifetime number of severe sunburns, number of moles on forearms, hair color at age 18, and average annual UV-B flux at place of residence, and intake of other alcoholic beverages.
P for heterogeneity by study=0.95 for beer, 0.86 for red wine, 0.63 for white wine, and 0.53 for liquor.