(A) Positive-charged NLCs having electrostatic attraction with negatively charged intestinal cells, (B) thiomer-conjugated NLCs covalently binds with cysteine group of mucus, (C) neutral charge NLCs breaks through mucus layer, (D) PEG-coated NLCs breaks through mucus layer, (E) positive charged NLCs for high biodistribution and targeting and (F) ligand-conjugated NLCs bind with receptors on intestinal cells and undergo endocytosis.
NLC: Nanostructured lipid carrier.