Table 3. . Nanostructured lipid carriers fabricated using high pressure homogenization technique.

Active ingredient	Solid lipid	Liquid lipid	Surfactants	Size (nm)	Research highlights	Ref.
Bicalutamide	Precirol® ATO5	Triacetin	Phosal® 53 MCT, Pluronic® F-127, sodium taurocholate	130 ± 4.8 to 240 ± 4.1	Precirol® ATO 5 and Triacetin were found to be suitable lipids High entrapment efficiency was achieved	[27]
Carvedilol	Glyceryl mono stearate	Oleic acid	Poloxamer 188, Tween 80	110	Desired particle size and percent entrapment efficiency were obtained for enhancement of oral bioavailability	[28]
Lovastatin	Precirol® ATO 5	Squalene	Myversol 18–04 K	278 ± 2.6	Pharmacokinetic parameters were improved after incorporation in NLCs	[19]
Luteolin	Precirol® ATO 5	Labrasol®	Cremophor ELP	43.89 ± 4.5	Luteolin's oral bioavailability improved after encapsulation in NLCs	[29]
Mitotane	Stearic acid	Triacyl glycerol	Tween 80, Span 85	250	NLCs can be successfully provided with positive charge for better mucosal adhesion	[30]
Oridonin	Glycerin monostearate	Medium chain triglyceride	Soyabean lecithin S100, poloxamer 188	144.9	Performance of Biotin-modified oridonin-loaded NLCs in bioavailability was significantly higher in comparison to nonmodified NLCs	[31]
Quercetin	Imwitor 900K	Medium chain triglyceride	Tween 80, lecthin, Span 20	˜34 to 47	Maximum bioaccessbility was observed with NLCs and lipid nanoemulsions compared with SLNs and drug solution	[32]
Spironolactone	Precirol® ATO 5	Miglyol 812	Tween 80, poloxamer 188	150 ± 5	Significant improvement in oral bioavailability of drug in comparison to drug syrup High retention of radiolabeled NLCs in intestinal mucosa	[33]
Saquinavir	Precirol® ATO 5	Migylol 812	Tween 80, poloxamer 188	247	Hydrophilic P-gp substrate drugs can be effectively delivered through oral route after encapsulation in NLCs	[34]
Saquinavir mesylate	Precirol® ATO 5	Migylol 812	Tween 80, poloxamer 188	244 ± 1	Nine-fold increase in saquinavir permeability from Dextran-protamine NLCs in comparison to noncoated NLCs	[35]
Testosterone undecanoate	Dynasan188	Oleic acid	Tween 80	200	AUC values were found to be doubled in comparison to commercial formulations	[36]
Thistle oil, safflower oil, sea buckthorn oil, carrot extract	Glycerol monostearate	Cetyl alcohol, beeswax	Tween 20, phosphatidyl choline	70–140	NLCs demonstrated better antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties due to synergistic effect of plant-derived oils and extract	[37]
Thymoquinone	Softisan® 154	Olive oil	Polysorbate 80	75 ± 2.4	Improved gastroprotective effects of drug Pharmacokinetic properties of drug were improved after encapsulation in NLCs	[38]
Vinpocetine	Compritol 888 ATO	Migylol 812	Lecithin solutol HS-15	136 ± 4.2	Improved oral bioavailability of drug-loaded NLCs (322%) in comparison to drug suspension	[39]
Zerumbone	Hydrogenated palm oil	Olive oil, lipoid S100	Tween 80, thiomerasol	52.68 ± 0.1	NLCs showed no acute toxicity at oral doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg	[40]

AUC: Area under curve; NLC: Nanostructured lipid carrier; SLN: Solid lipid nanoparticle.