Table 2.
Prevalence of comorbidities and medications (prescribed and non-prescribed) in the total sample, in the different pain categories, and comparisons among them
| Variables (n, %) | Total sample (n=6611) |
NP (n=3227) | LP (n=1585) | RP-Medium (n=1344) |
RP-Heavy (n=341) |
WSP (n=114) |
Differences among pain categories (p-value) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Comorbidities | |||||||
| Traumatic injuries | 636 (10.8) | 158 (5.2) | 165(11.6) | 215 (19.2) | 71 (24.1) | 27 (23.1) | <0.001 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis | 2165 (37.0) | 474 (16.0) | 587 (42.4) | 772 (66.0) | 240 (79.0) | 92 (87.8) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disorders | 3319 (53.8) | 1502 (50.0) | 791(53.8) | 745 (58.8) | 209 (66.1) | 72 (63.7) | <0.001 |
| Pulmonary disorders | 879 (14.5) | 332 (11.2) | 194(13.3) | 241 (19.5) | 83 (27.8) | 29 (27.9) | <0.001 |
| Depressive disorders | 789 (13.6) | 277 (9.5) | 196 (13.8) | 221 (19.7) | 64 (21.8) | 31 (31.9) | <0.001 |
| Anxiety disorders | 995 (16.7) | 355 (11.9) | 229 (16.0) | 279 (23.8) | 84 (27.8) | 48(47.1) | <0.001 |
| Gastrointestinal disorders | 1255 (20.9) | 363 (12.1) | 327 (22.8) | 383 (32.0) | 132 (42.7) | 50 (46.6) | <0.001 |
| Disorders of CNS | 2524 (39.5) | 1040 (33.0) | 614 (40.6) | 627 (48.0) | 180 (55.5) | 63 (60.8) | <0.001 |
| Urogenital disorders | 651 (10.1) | 236 (7.4) | 167 (11.1) | 163 (12.2) | 61 (19.2) | 24 (22.1) | <0.001 |
| Skin disorders | 712 (11.8) | 257 (9.3) | 185 (12.5) | 172 (14.0) | 61 (19.9) | 19 (19.4) | <0.001 |
| Tumors and cancer | 505 (8.1) | 215 (7.0) | 127 (8.5) | 116 (9.3) | 38 (12.5) | 9 (8.6) | 0.007 |
| Metabolic disorders | 1059 (17.0) | 423 (13.9) | 247 (16.2) | 270 (21.5) | 85 (27.8) | 34 (31.8) | <0.001 |
| Prescribed medication | |||||||
| Analgesics | 1031 (15.7) | 149 (4.5) | 272 (17.0) | 391 (29.4) | 149 (44.0) | 70 (63.0) | <0.001 |
| Gastroesophageal reflux medication | 537 (8.7) | 156 (5.1) | 124 (8.2) | 178 (14.2) | 57 (17.7) | 22 (22.4) | <0.001 |
| Constipation medication | 364 (5.8) | 121 (3.9) | 75 (4.9) | 118 (9.3) | 35 (10.7) | 15 (13.2) | <0.001 |
| Hypnotics | 504 (8.0) | 176 (5.8) | 122 (7.9) | 134 (10.5) | 50 (15.3) | 22 (20.3) | <0.001 |
| Anxiolytics | 333 (5.4) | 110 (3.6) | 80 (5.4) | 98 (7.9) | 27 (8.8) | 18 (17.0) | <0.001 |
| Antidepressants | 291 (4.8) | 107 (3.7) | 68 (4.6) | 79 (6.4) | 21 (6.8) | 16 (15.2) | <0.001 |
| Anti-inflammatory medication | 442 (7.3) | 99 (3.3) | 106 (7.1) | 144 (11.6) | 66 (21.8) | 27 (26.3) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular medication | 2015 (31.3) | 861 (27.3) | 498 (32.5) | 481 (36.8) | 128 (38.3) | 47 (39.7) | <0.001 |
| Medication for peripheral vascular disorders | 645 (10.3) | 241 (7.9) | 153 (10.2) | 183 (14.4) | 51 (15.5) | 17 (15.1) | <0.001 |
| Medication for skin disorders | 429 (6.9) | 166 (5.4) | 103 (6.7) | 109 (8.9) | 34 (10.6) | 17 (15.9) | <0.001 |
| Insulin agents | 429 (6.8) | 174 (5.7) | 104 (6.9) | 106 (8.5) | 33 (10.3) | 12 (10.9) | <0.001 |
| Non-prescribed medication | |||||||
| Analgesics | 603 (9.4) | 65 (2.0) | 190 (12.3) | 233 (17.6) | 80 (23.8) | 35 (34.3) | <0.001 |
| Gastroesophageal reflux medication | 259 (4.1) | 74 (2.3) | 64 (4.0) | 87 (6.8) | 24 (7.2) | 10 (11.0) | <0.001 |
| Constipation medication | 258 (4.0) | 84 (2.7) | 58 (3.8) | 84 (6.3) | 25 (7.6) | 7 (6.7) | <0.001 |
| Anti-inflammatory medication | 166 (2.7) | 29 (0.9) | 43 (2.8) | 60 (4.9) | 21 (6.9) | 13 (14.9) | <0.001 |
| Medication for skin disorders | 315 (5.1) | 113 (3.7) | 74 (4.8) | 84 (7.1) | 31 (9.0) | 13 (13.8) | <0.001 |
| Asthma medication | 214 (3.5) | 69 (2.2) | 48 (3.2) | 68 (5.5) | 22 (7.4) | 7 (6.4) | <0.001 |
| Vitality supplements | 159 (2.7) | 57 (2.0) | 37 (2.5) | 39 (3.2) | 21 (7.2) | 5 (4.8) | <0.001 |
| Nutritional deficiencies | 1342 (21.3) | 535(17.5) | 334 (22.0) | 323 (25.3) | 112 (34.6) | 38 (34.6) | <0.001 |
| Herbal remedies | 305 (5.1) | 91 (3.2) | 82 (5.5) | 91(7.6) | 32 (10.2) | 9 (9.8) | <0.001 |
Note: Significant p-values are in bold.
Abbreviations: NP, no pain; LP, local pain; RP-Medium, regional pain medium; RP–Heavy, regional pain heavy; WSP, widespread pain; CNS, central nervous system.