Table 3.
Results of logistic regression analyses: single-predictor models of association of each pain category with sex, age strata, comorbidities, medications, nicotine and alcohol intake, and physical activity
| Variables | LP, OR (95% CI) |
p-Value | RP-Medium, OR (95% CI) | p-Value | RP-Heavy, OR (95% CI) | p-Value | WSP, OR (95% CI) | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Women (vs men) | 1.16 (1.03–1.31) | <0.001 | 1.69 (1.48–1.92) | <0.001 | 2.56 (1.99–3.26) | <0.001 | 3.49 (2.24–5.47) | <0.001 |
| Age strata, years | ||||||||
| 70–74 (vs 65–69) | 1.12 (0.91–1.36) | 0.280 | 1.09 (0.92–1.29) | 0.341 | 1.71 (0.86–1.59) | 0.313 | 0.92 (0.54–1.57) | 0.762 |
| 75–79 (vs 65–69) | 1.09 (0.88–1.36) | 0.401 | 1.07 (0.88–1.29) | 0.509 | 1.45 (1.05–1.98) | 0.023 | 1.64 (0.99–2.71) | 0.051 |
| 80–84 (vs 65–69) | 1.14 (0.91–1.42) | 0.275 | 1.05 (0.85–1.28) | 0.661 | 0.83 (0.56–1.24) | 0.369 | 0.88 (0.41–1.54) | 0.503 |
| ≥85 (vs 65–69) | 1.07 (0.83–1.36) | 0.583 | 0.98 (0.81–1.20) | 0.553 | 1.07 (0.75–1.52) | 0.730 | 0.82 (0.45–1.58) | 0.601 |
| Comorbidities (vs no) | ||||||||
| Traumatic injuries | 2.38 (1.89–3.00) | <0.001 | 4.33 (3.47–5.39) | <0.001 | 5.77 (4.22–7.89) | <0.001 | 7.41 (4.57–11.97) | <0.001 |
| Rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis | 3.85 (3.31–4.64) | <0.001 | 10.15 (8.67–11.88) | <0.001 | 19.07 (14.69–26.28) | <0.001 | 37.75 (20.85–68.32) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular disorders | 1.16 (1.03–1.32) | 0.018 | 1.42 (1.24–1.63) | <0.001 | 1.94 (1.52–2.49) | <0.001 | 1.75 (1.18–2.61) | 0.005 |
| Pulmonary disorders | 1.21 (1.01–1.47) | 0.046 | 1.91 (1.59–2.30) | <0.001 | 3.05 (2.30–4.03) | <0.001 | 3.07 (1.95–4.83) | <0.001 |
| Depressive disorders | 1.52 (1.24–1.85) | <0.001 | 2.32 (1.91–2.81) | <0.001 | 2.65 (1.94–3.61) | <0.001 | 4.44 (2.83–6.97) | <0.001 |
| Anxiety disorders | 1.41 (1.17–1.68) | <0.001 | 2.31 (1.93–2.47) | <0.001 | 2.83 (2.14–3.4) | <0.001 | 6.55 (4.36–9.85) | <0.001 |
| Gastrointestinal disorders | 2.14 (1.81–2.53) | <0.001 | 3.43 (2.91–4.05) | <0.001 | 5.41 (4.20–6.89) | <0.001 | 6.36 (4.27–9.46) | <0.001 |
| Disorders of CNS | 1.39 (1.22–1.58) | <0.001 | 1.87 (1.63–2.14) | <0.001 | 2.53 (2.00–3.21) | <0.001 | 3.15 (2.11–4.69) | <0.001 |
| Urogenital disorders | 1.56 (1.26–1.95) | <0.001 | 1.75 (1.28–1.70) | <0.001 | 2.99 (2.17–4.12) | <0.001 | 3.56 (2.19–5.79) | <0.001 |
| Skin disorders | 1.38 (1.13–1.69) | 0.001 | 1.58 (1.29–1.93) | <0.001 | 2.40 (1.48–2.68) | <0.001 | 2.33 (1.40–3.88) | 0.001 |
| Tumors and cancer | 1.24 (0.98–1.58) | 0.072 | 1.36 (1.06–1.73) | 0.013 | 1.19 (1.30–2.79) | 0.001 | 1.26 (0.61–2.60) | 0.530 |
| Metabolic disorders | 1.99 (1.01–1.42) | 0.040 | 1.69 (1.43–2.01) | <0.001 | 2.39 (1.83–3.13) | <0.001 | 2.90 (1.89–4.45) | <0.001 |
| Prescribed medication (vs no) | ||||||||
| Analgesics | 4.32 (3.47–5.37) | <0.001 | 8.79 (7.12–10.85) | <0.001 | 16.63 (12.61–21.52) | <0.001 | 35.98 (23.49–55.11) | <0.001 |
| Gastroesophageal reflux medication | 1.66 (1.29–2.12) | <0.001 | 3.06 (2.43–3.85) | <0.001 | 3.96 (2.84–5.15) | <0.001 | 5.32 (3.26–6.76) | <0.001 |
| Constipation medication | 1.25 (0.92–1.69) | 0.143 | 2.50 (1.91–3.27) | <0.001 | 2.93 (1.96–4.39) | <0.001 | 3.72 (2.05–6.73) | <0.001 |
| Hypnotics | 1.39 (1.09–1.77) | 0.007 | 1.89 (1.49–2.40) | <0.001 | 2.92 (2.08–4.12) | <0.001 | 4.13 (2.51–6.77) | <0.001 |
| Anxiolytics | 1.51 (1.13–2.04) | 0.006 | 2.28 (1.72–3.03) | <0.001 | 2.56 (1.66–3.95) | <0.001 | 5.49 (3.18–9.49) | <0.001 |
| Antidepressants | 1.23 (0.98–1.72) | 0.136 | 1.79 (1.32–2.39) | <0.001 | 1.89 (1.17–3.05) | <0.001 | 4.67 (2.65–8.24) | <0.001 |
| Anti-inflammatory medication | 2.22 (1.67–2.95) | <0.001 | 3.78 (2.89–4.39) | <0.001 | 8.05 (5.76–11.26) | <0.001 | 10.28 (6.34–16.65) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular medication | 1.28 (1.11–1.47) | <0.001 | 1.55 (1.34–1.78) | <0.001 | 1.65 (1.30–2.10) | <0.001 | 1.75 (1.18–2.59) | 0.005 |
| Medication for peripheral vascular disorders | 1.32 (1.07–1.65) | 0.011 | 1.97 (1.61–2.43) | <0.001 | 2.14 (1.53–2.99) | <0.001 | 2.08 (1.19–3.62) | 0.010 |
| Medication for skin disorders | 1.25 (0.96–1.62) | 0.091 | 1.69 (1.31–2.17) | <0.001 | 2.06 (1.39–3.04) | <0.001 | 3.29 (1.92–5.63) | <0.001 |
| Insulin agents | 1.22 (0.95–1.58) | 0.115 | 1.54 (1.19–1.98) | 0.001 | 1.99 (1.29–2.85) | <0.001 | 2.04 (1.08–3.84) | 0.027 |
| Non-prescribed medication (vs no) | ||||||||
| Asthma medication | 1.45 (0.99–2.13) | 0.052 | 2.58(1.82–3.65) | <0.001 | 3.55 (2.18–5.79) | <0.001 | 3.04 (1.34–6.91) | 0.008 |
| Vitality supplements | 1.26 (0.84–1.92) | 0.263 | 1.63 (1.09–2.45) | <0.001 | 3.78 (2.30–6.23) | <0.001 | 2.48 (0.99–6.23) | 0.053 |
| Nutritional deficiencies | 1.33 (1.14–1.55) | <0.001 | 1.60 (1.36–1.87) | <0.001 | 2.50 (1.95–3.20) | <0.001 | 2.51 (1.66–3.78) | <0.001 |
| Herbal remedies | 1.76 (1.30–2.39) | <0.001 | 2.47 (1.84–3.31) | <0.001 | 3.41 (2.25–5.18) | <0.001 | 3.27 (1.68–6.38) | 0.001 |
| Nicotine intake (vs no) | 0.94 (0.75–1.17) | 0.597 | 0.98 (0.77–1.24) | 0.883 | 0.81 (0.53–1.24) | 0.335 | 0.85 (0.43–1.67) | 0.645 |
| Alcohol intake (vs no) | 1.03 (0.90–1.19) | 0.598 | 0.85 (0.73–0.98) | 0.026 | 0.68 (0.54–0.87) | 0.002 | 0.38 (0.26–0.55) | <0.001 |
| Physical activity | 0.99 (0.98–0.99) | 0.001 | 0.99 (0.98–0.99) | 0.001 | 0.99 (0.98 –0.99) | 0.016 | 0.98 (0.97–0.99) | 0.021 |
Note: Significant p-values are in bold.
Abbreviations: LP, local pain; OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; RP-Medium, regional pain medium; RP-Heavy, regional pain heavy; WSP, widespread pain; CNS, central nervous system.