Table 2.
Summary of Pediatric Procedural Sedation Characteristics Performed Using Ketamine
| Characteristics |
n (%) or Median (IQR) |
|---|---|
| Route of administrationa (n = 22,630), n (%) | |
| IV only | 20,919 (92.4) |
| IM only | 1,256 (5.6) |
| Intranasal only | 182 (0.8) |
| PO only | 167 (0.7) |
| Multiple routes | 94 (0.4) |
| Other route only | 12 (0.1) |
| Medications, n (%) | |
| Ketamine alone (no coadministered medications) |
3,934 (17.4) |
| Benzodiazepine (midazolam and lorazepam) |
13,112 (57.9) |
| Propofol | 8,012 (35.4) |
| Anticholinergics (atropine and glycopyrrolate) |
4,485 (19.8) |
| Local lidocaine | 1,453 (6.4) |
| Dexmedetomidine | 1,146 (5.1) |
| Barbiturate (pentobarbital, methohexital, and thiopental) |
71 (0.3) |
| Chloral hydrate | 7 (0.0) |
| Etomidate | 5 (0.0) |
| Doseb (mg/kg), mean (sd) | |
| IV (n = 8,725) | 1.6 (1.4) |
| IM (n = 766) | 3.5 (1.6) |
| PO (n = 102) | 5.2 (1.7) |
| IN (n = 5) | 2.1 (1.5) |
| Total average dose (n = 9,585) | 1.8 (1.6) |
| Location, n (%) | |
| Radiology/sedation unit | 14,625 (64.6) |
| Emergency department | 2,738 (12.1) |
| Speciality clinic/floor | 1,789 (7.9) |
| PICU | 1,535 (6.8) |
| Cath laboratory | 38 (0.2) |
| Dental | 37 (0.2) |
| Otherc | 1,883 (8.3) |
| Provider, n (%) | |
| Intensivist | 13,468 (59.5) |
| EM | 5,247 (23.2) |
| Anesthesiology | 788 (3.5) |
| Hospitalist | 428 (1.9) |
| Otherd | 2,714 (12.0) |
| Procedure, n (%) | |
| Radiology | 5,551 (24.5) |
| Surgical | 5,169 (22.8) |
| Hematology/oncology | 4,685 (20.7) |
| Bone/musculoskeletal | 3,278 (14.5) |
| Gastroenterology | 1,350 (6.0) |
| Neurologic | 877 (3.9) |
| Cardiac | 185 (0.8) |
| Dental | 132 (0.6) |
| Othere | 2,175 (9.6) |
| Painful proceduref | 15,826 (69.9) |
| Procedure not completeda (n = 19,747) | 39 (0.2) |
IM = intramuscular, IN = intranasal, IQR = interquartile range, PO = per os.
Indicates missing data where n is the total number of sedation encounters for which data are entered.
Dosing data are only available from 2007 to 2011 in the Pediatric Sedation Research Consortium database.
Other location includes an operating room, an endoscopy suite, and a radiation oncology unit.
Other provider includes advanced-practice registered nurses, dentists, fellows, medical technologists, nonphysician anesthetists, nurse anesthetists, oral surgeons, pediatricians, radiologists, surgeons.
Others include airway, upper endoscopy, not defined.
Painful procedures are defined in eTable 3 (Supplemental Digital Content 1, http://links.lww.com/PCC/A284).