Table 1.

Immune evasion mechanisms of HSV.

HSV genes or proteins	Functions	References
Glycoprotein B	Down-regulation of MHC II processing pathway in CD4+ cells	[73]
Glycoprotein C	Inactivates serum complement proteins	[13]
Glycoprotein D	Down-regulates NK receptor ligand and NK-mediated lysis; inhibition of apoptosis	[8,51]
Glycoproteins E and I	Inactivate circulating immunoglobulins	[49]
Us3	Inhibits NF-κB activation and reduces cytokine expression, such as IL-8; inhibits induction of apoptosis; hyperphosphorylates IRF3 to block activation of RLR signaling pathway	[8,56,62]
Us5 (gJ)	Antagonizes Fas ligand- and granzyme B-mediated CTL- induced apoptosis; inhibits perforin- or UV-induced cell death and apoptosis	[86,87]
VP16	Inhibits NF-κB activation and blocks IRF3 pathway and IFN-β production	[15]
VP24	Inhibits IRF3 phosphorylation	[61]
Us11	Inhibits RLR signaling, PKR-induced eIF-2α phosphorylation and autophagy; blocks OAS	[58,59*,66,67,82*]
ICP0	Blocks NF-κB-mediated transcription of immunomodulatory cytokines, and IRF3- and IRF7- induced anti-viral signaling pathways; inhibits IRF3 translocation to the nucleus; inhibits IFI16; degradation of mature DC marker (CD83)	[54,63,64,71]
ICP6	Blocks TNF-α- and Fas ligand-mediated apoptosis through interacting with caspase 8 and necroptosis	[88,89]
ICP27	Blocks NF-κB and IRF3 signaling pathways; blocks STAT1 activation and its translocation to the nucleus	[68]
γ34.5	Suppression of PKR/eIF-2α signaling pathway and IFN- induced anti-viral mechanisms; inhibits DC maturation and antigen presentation; blocks MHC class II accumulation on the cell surface; autophagy inhibition	[14,69,80**]
UL36	Inhibits TRAF3 of TLR pathway	[15]
UL41 (vhs)	Inhibits IFN-stimulated genes viperin, ZAP, and tetherin; blocks DC activation and maturation; blocks MHC class II accumulation on the cell surface	[14,65,74]
UL42	Inhibits nuclear translocation of NF-κB	[55]
ICP47	Down-regulates MHC class I by inhibiting TAP	[7]