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. 2016 Dec 6;6:177. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00177

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Copyright © 2016 Liu, Lu, Orfe, Ren, Hu, Call, Avillan and Zhao.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Physical contact with host cells is not required to induce T3SS in V. alginolyticus. (A) Transcription of T3SS genes in V. alginolyticus was induced when cultured in cell culture media even in the absence of physical contact with eukaryotic cells. TSB and host cell contact served as negative and positive controls in this experiment. Average normalized expression data were added into individual box in the heatmap. (B) Without contacting with FHM cells, the expression of master regulator ExsA was induced to a high level (lane 3) which is comparable to host cell model (lane 4). Endogenous dnaK served as a loading control.