Table 1.
Study populations.
| Healthy nonsmoker (NS) | Healthy smoker (HS) | COPD at risk (AR) | COPD | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | 52 | 66 | 31 | 94 |
| Male/female | 50/2 | 65/1 | 27/4 | 89/5 |
| Age | 57.9 ± 2.3 | 56.6 ± 2.9 | 56.0 ± 5.9 | 68.3 ± 9.5∗∗∗ |
| Current/Ex | 0/0 | 40/26 | 14/17 | 37/57# |
| Pack-Years | 0 | 37.1 ± 13.3 | 46.5 ± 27.7 | 66.0 ± 39.9† |
| BMI | NA | NA | 22.4 ± 4.6 | 21.4 ± 3.1 |
| Serum Cr | NA | NA | 0.77 ± 0.16 | 0.82 ± 0.18 |
| FEV1/FVC (%) | NA | NA | 78.1 ± 4.2 | 49.2 ± 13.6§ |
| % FEV1 predicted | NA | NA | 95.5 ± 8.5 | 55.3 ± 20.9§ |
| LAA | NA | NA | 1.9 ± 3.1 | 7.3 ± 5.4§ |
| HT (+/−) | 0/52 | 0/66 | 5/26 | 17/77 |
| ICS (+/−) | 0/52 | 0/66 | 1/30 | 16/78 |
∗∗∗ p < 0.0001 versus NS, HS, AR; # p < 0.05 versus HS; † p < 0.0001 versus HS, < 0.05 versus AR; § p < 0.0001 versus AR. COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; BMI: body mass index; Cr: creatinine; FEV1/FVC (%): ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second to forced vital capacity; LAA: low attenuation area; HT: hypertension; ICS: inhaled corticosteroid.