Table 1. Clinical Comparison between Cirrhotic and Non-Cirrhotic Subjects.
| No Cirrhosis (n = 37) | Cirrhosis (n = 39) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 73.9 ± 5.9 | 72.9 ± 5.4 | 0.43 |
| Gender (% men) | 68% | 77% | 0.36 |
| Education (years) | 15.2 ± 3.6 | 14.9 ± 2.7 | 0.11 |
| Diabetes (%) | 12 (32%) | 16 (41%) | 0.58 |
| Alcohol abuse history (%) | 6 (16%) | 13 (33%) | 0.09 |
| Hypertension (%) | 15 (41%) | 12 (31%) | 0.33 |
| Depression on SSRI (%) | 9 (24%) | 7 (18%) | 0.50 |
| Hyperlipidemia (%) | 16 (43%) | 12 (31%) | 0.26 |
| Mini-mental status | 28.8 ± 1.4 | 28.4 ± 1.4 | 0.22 |
| HVLT | |||
| HVLT Total recall | 22.7 ± 5.6 | 19.1 ± 5.8 | 0.04 |
| HVLT delayed recall | 7.1 ± 2.9 | 6.9 ± 3.1 | 0.79 |
| HVLT retention % | 74.1 ± 22.5 | 82.7 ± 33.3 | 0.21 |
| Similarities test | 27.7 ± 4.6 | 24.3 ± 6.3 | 0.01 |
| RBANS | |||
| Total score | 103.4 ± 18.7 | 91.3 ± 15.5 | 0.004 |
| Visuospatial | 109.7 ± 17.5 | 94.4 ± 19.8 | 0.001 |
| Immediate Memory | 101.7 ± 16.6 | 90.6 ± 17.6 | 0.04 |
| Language | 98.2 ± 13.5 | 95.3 ± 8.5 | 0.29 |
| Attention | 106.3 ± 17.7 | 96.1 ± 17.4 | 0.02 |
| Delayed Memory | 98.0 ± 18.8 | 92.1 ± 16.9 | 0.09 |
| EncephalApp Stroop | |||
| Stroop Off Time (sec) | 86.1 ± 27.7 | 100.5 ± 28.4 | 0.05 |
| On Time (sec) | 105.6 ± 44.3 | 127.8 ± 43.6 | 0.06 |
| Median runs On | 5.0 | 6.0 | 0.02 |
| Median runs Off | 6.0 | 6.0 | 0.47 |
| OffTime + OnTime (sec) | 182.6 ± 68.7 | 214.5 ± 66.5 | 0.05 |
| PHES | |||
| Number connection-A (sec) | 45.0 ± 29.4 | 52.7 ± 28.3 | 0.25 |
| Number connection-B (sec) | 114.8 ± 81.9 | 145.0 ± 102.0 | 0.15 |
| Digit Symbol (raw score) | 54.3 ± 19.1 | 45.2 ± 17.9 | 0.04 |
| Line Tracing test (sec) | 106.4 ± 59.1 | 114.3 ± 59.5 | 0.56 |
| Line Tracing errors | 30.9 ± 31.9 | 41.4 ± 31.4 | 0.16 |
| Serial dotting (sec) | 57.2 ± 21.2 | 82.9 ± 38.1 | <0.001 |
| Median PHES | −1 | −7 | 0.01 |
| HRQOL assessments | |||
| SIP | |||
| Total score | 3.1 ± 5.8 | 10.8 ± 11.4 | <0.0001 |
| Psychosocial domain | 2.6 ± 4.6 | 9.7 ± 12.8 | 0.001 |
| Physical domain | 2.6 ± 5.5 | 10.4 ± 12.0 | <0.0001 |
| Median Age-adjusted PROMIS scores | |||
| Anger | 39.5 | 58.0 | 0.02 |
| Anxiety | 66.0 | 63.0 | 0.63 |
| Depression | 45.5 | 49.0 | 0.25 |
| Fatigue | 35.0 | 54.0 | 0.05 |
| Physical function* | 79.0 | 48.0 | 0.004 |
| Social activity* | 76.5 | 47.0 | 0.003 |
| Social Role* | 69.0 | 32.0 | <0.0001 |
| Sleep disturbance | 44.5 | 70.0 | 0.02 |
| Wake disturbances | 29.5 | 58.0 | 0.04 |
P value using ANOVA or Chi-square test as appropriate, *a low score on these PROMIS variables indicates worse function, while a low score on the others indicates good function. PHES: psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score, PROMIS: patient-reported outcome measurement information system, SIP: Sickness Impact Profile, HRQOL: Health-related quality of life, RBANS: repeatable battery for assessment of neuropsychological status, HVLT: Hopkins Verbal Learning Test.