Table 2. Demographic, cognitive and quality of life variables according to neuropsychological division.
| Unimpaired (n = 23) | Amnestic type (n = 25) | Amnestic/non-amnestic type (n = 28) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 73.3 ± 4.4 | 71.9 ± 5.4 | 72.7 ± 5.9 | 0.77 |
| Gender (% men) | 55% | 64% | 60% | 0.67 |
| Education (years) | 15.8 ± 2.7 | 16.8 ± 2.4 | 15.5 ± 2.9 | 0.12 |
| Cirrhosis (%) | 5 (22%) | 12 (48%) | 22 (78%)†,‡ | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes (%) | 10 (43%) | 7 (28%) | 11 (39%) | 0.51 |
| Alcohol abuse history (%) | 3 (13%) | 6 (21%) | 10 (36%) | 0.18 |
| Hypertension (%) | 8 (35%) | 11 (44%) | 10 (36%) | 0.76 |
| Depression on SSRI (%) | 4 (17%) | 6 (24%) | 6 (21%) | 0.85 |
| Hyperlipidemia (%) | 7 (30%) | 13 (52%) | 8 (28%) | 0.16 |
| Mini-mental status | 29 ± 1 | 28 ± 2 | 28 ± 1 | 0.02 |
| HVLT | ||||
| HVLT Total recall | 25 ± 5 | 18 ± 4 | 19 ± 6‡ | 0.001 |
| HVLT delayed recall | 9 ± 2 | 3 ± 2 | 7 ± 2† | <0.0001 |
| HVLT retention % | 89 ± 18 | 45 ± 29 | 86 ± 27† | <0.0001 |
| Similarities test | 29 ± 4 | 26 ± 6 | 23 ± 6†,‡ | 0.02 |
| RBANS | ||||
| Total score | 114.3 ± 13.0 | 94.1 ± 13.3 | 88.4 ± 17.6‡ | <0.0001 |
| Visuospatial | 117.9 ± 14.0 | 102.1 ± 18.6 | 95.6 ± 14.9†,‡ | <0.0001 |
| Immediate Memory | 103.7 ± 14.7 | 89.7 ± 12.1 | 86.5 ± 19.3‡ | 0.004 |
| Language | 103.3 ± 10.8 | 95.1 ± 7.3 | 92.5 ± 14.0‡ | 0.01 |
| Attention | 110.4 ± 12.9 | 109.1 ± 15.8 | 93.1 ± 15.4†,‡ | 0.001 |
| Delayed Memory | 109.3 ± 9.2 | 82.9 ± 18.4 | 88.4 ± 20.5‡ | <0.001 |
| EncephalApp Stroop | ||||
| Stroop Off Time (sec) | 82.0 ± 16.2 | 92.5 ± 26.1 | 109.4 ± 37.4†,‡ | 0.012 |
| On Time (sec) | 104.0 ± 38.9 | 114.0 ± 38.9 | 139.2 ± 58.9†,‡ | 0.05 |
| Median runs On | 5.0 | 5.5 | 6.0 | 0.31 |
| Median runs Off | 6.0 | 6.0 | 6.5 | 0.38 |
| OffTime + OnTime (sec) | 180.4 ± 36.3 | 184.4 ± 51.0 | 248.6 ± 90.4†,‡ | 0.003 |
| PHES | ||||
| Number connection-A (sec) | 34.7 ± 10.9 | 44.6 ± 22.6 | 65.3 ± 42.5†,‡ | 0.006 |
| Number connection-B (sec) | 86.2 ± 33.4 | 111.0 ± 67.8 | 179.5 ± 115.9†,‡ | 0.002 |
| Digit Symbol (raw score) | 57.2 ± 14.9 | 48.9 ± 16.1 | 41.9 ± 21.7†,‡ | 0.03 |
| Line Tracing test (sec) | 104.8 ± 35.0 | 95.6 ± 42.3 | 121.3 ± 65.5 | 0.32 |
| Line Tracing errors | 25.3 ± 17.7 | 44.6 ± 42.4 | 39.5 ± 31.9 | 0.16 |
| Serial dotting (sec) | 54.5 ± 15.7 | 63.6 ± 32.9 | 86.6 ± 43.8†,‡ | 0.01 |
| Median PHES | 0 | −3 | −6†,‡ | 0.001 |
| HRQOL assessments | ||||
| SIP | ||||
| Total score | 1.4 ± 1.9 | 6.3 ± 7.5 | 11.1 ± 13.3†,‡ | 0.006 |
| Psychosocial domain | 1.4 ± 1.8 | 5.5 ± 5.8 | 9.0 ± 13.6†,‡ | 0.03 |
| Physical domain | 1.2 ± 2.5 | 5.5 ± 7.3 | 11.2 ± 13.5†,‡ | 0.005 |
| Median Age-adjusted PROMIS scores | ||||
| Anger | 33.0 | 48.5 | 75.5†,‡ | 0.002 |
| Anxiety | 45.0 | 55.0 | 87.0†,‡ | 0.001 |
| Depression | 38.0 | 49.0 | 64.0†,‡ | 0.003 |
| Fatigue | 26.0 | 41.5 | 92.0†,‡ | 0.006 |
| Physical function* | 79.0 | 62.0 | 39.5†,‡ | 0.005 |
| Social activity* | 79.0 | 56.5 | 33.0†,‡ | 0.004 |
| Social Role* | 62.5 | 53.5 | 8.0†,‡ | 0.008 |
| Sleep disturbance | 33.0 | 37.5 | 73.0†,‡ | 0.005 |
| Wake disturbances | 26.0 | 62.5 | 85.0†,‡ | 0.003 |
P value using ANOVA or Chi-square test as appropriate, *a low score on these PROMIS variables indicates worse function, while a low score on the others indicates good function. †p < 0.05 between amnestic/non-amnestic and amnestic type, ‡p < 0.05 between amnestic/non-amnestic and unimpaired. PHES: psychometric hepatic encephalopathy score, PROMIS: patient-reported outcome measurement information system, SIP: Sickness Impact Profile, HRQOL: Health-related quality of life, RBANS: repeatable battery for assessment of neuropsychological status, HVLT: Hopkins Verbal Learning Test.