Table 1.

Socio-demographics for T1, T2 and Statistics Canada national household survey samples. Test of proportions and effect size between T1 to T2 and T1 to Statistics Canada sample

	Time 1 n = 3117		Time 2 n = 1427		StatCan n = 2336115		T1:T2	Effect size Cohen’s h	T1: StatCan	Effect size Cohen’s h
	n	%	n	%	n	%	χ2 value p value		χ2 value p value
Province
Alberta	319	10.2	144	10.1	265110	11.3	χ2  < 0.01 p = 0.92	h  < 0.01	χ2 = 3.73 p = 0.05	h = -0.04
British Columbia	332	10.7	130	9.1	297400	12.7	χ2 = 2.38 p = 0.12	h = 0.05	χ2 = 11.93 p < 0.001	h = -0.07
Manitoba	120	3.8	53	3.7	89070	3.8	χ2 = 0.02 p = 0.90	h  < 0.01	χ2 < 0.01 p = 0.95	h < 0.01
New Brunswick	90	2.9	36	2.5	49715	2.1	χ2 = 0.36 p = 0.55	h = 0.02	χ2 = 8.25 p < 0.01	h = 0.05
Newfoundland and Labrador	64	2.1	20	1.4	34210	1.5	χ2 = 1.95 p = 0.16	h = 0.05	χ2 = 7.07 p < 0.01	h = 0.05
Nova Scotia	138	4.4	50	3.5	61005	2.6	χ2 = 1.88 p = 0.17	h = 0.05	χ2 = 39.62 p < 0.001	h = 0.10
Ontario	926	29.7	400	28.0	938750	40.2	χ2 = 1.25 p = 0.26	h = 0.04	χ2 = 141.71 p < 0.001	h = -0.22
Prince Edward Island	26	0.8	7	0.5	10375	0.4	χ2 = 1.16 p = 0.28	h = 0.04	χ2 = 9.83 p < 0.01	h = 0.05
Quebec	1020	32.7	566	39.7	506640	21.7	χ2 = 20.44 p  < 0.001	h = -0.14	χ2 = 222.49 p < 0.001	h = 0.25
Saskatchewan	82	2.6	21	1.5	74840	3.2	χ2 = 5.42 p = 0.02	h = 0.08	χ2 = 3.11 p = 0.08	h = -0.03
Language
Bilingual	55	1.8	32	1.5	34560	2.2	χ2 = 0.95 p = 0.33	h = -0.03	χ2 = 1.55 p = 0.21	h = 0.02
English	1839	59	756	53	1238705	53.0	χ2 = 14.24 p  < 0.001	h = 0.12	χ2 = 44.38 p < 0.001	h = 0.12
French	1030	33	560	39.2	432220	18.5	χ2 = 16.26 p  < 0.001	h = -0.13	χ2 = 435.30 p < 0.001	h = 0.34
Other	191	6.1	78	5.5	630630	27.0	χ2 = 0.66 p = 0.42	h = 0.03	χ2 = 687.17 p < 0.001	h = -0.59
Gender
Male	998	32.0	460	32.2	1075200	46.0	χ2 = 0.01 p = 0.91	h  < -0.01	χ2 = 245.30 p < 0.001	h = -0.29
Female	2119	68.0	967	67.8	1260910	54.0	χ2 = 0.01 p = 0.91	h  < 0.01	χ2 = 245.31 p < 0.001	h = 0.29
Education
Elementary or High School	680	21.8	301	21.1	773935	33.1	χ2 = 0.26 p = 0.61	h = 0.02	χ2 = 179.37 p < 0.001	h = -0.25
College	1180	37.9	518	36.3	945980	40.5	χ2 = 0.95 p = 0.33	h = 0.03	χ2 = 8.87 p < 0.01	h = -0.05
University	1250	40.1	607	42.5	616200	26.4	χ2 = 2.30 p = 0.13	h = -0.05	χ2 = 301.14 p < 0.001	h = 0.29
Marital Status
Single	228	7.3	107	7.5	109045	4.7	χ2 = 0.03 p = 0.87	h < -0.01	χ2 = 48.38 p < 0.001	h = 0.11
Married or Common Law	2545	81.6	1173	82.2	2030060	86.9	χ2 = 0.16 p = 0.68	h = -0.01	χ2 = 74.87 p < 0.001	h = -0.14
Separated/Divorced	339	10.9	145	10.2	197005	8.4	χ2 = 0.45 p = 0.50	h = 0.02	χ2 = 23.73 p < 0.001	h = 0.08
Employment Status
Working full-time	2064	66.2	943	66.1	1245090	53.3	χ2  < 0.01 p = 0.96	h  < 0.01	χ2 = 208.25 p < 0.001	h = 0.26
Working part-time	470	15.1	215	15.1	753585	32.3	χ2 = 0 p = 1	h  < 0.01	χ2 = 419.79 p < 0.001	h = -0.41
Not working/Retired/Other	570	18.3	264	18.5	337445	14.4	χ2 = 0.02 p = 0.90	h  < -0.01	χ2 = 36.86 p < 0.001	h = 0.10
Household Income (CAD$ before taxes)
$39 999 or less	395	12.7	173	12.1	344940	14.8	χ2 = 0.22 p = 0.64	h = 0.02	χ2 = 10.67 p < 0.001	h = -0.06
between $40 000 and $59 999	428	13.7	187	13.1	332650	14.2	χ2 = 0.28 p = 0.60	h = 0.02	χ2 = 0.62 p = 0.43	h = -0.01
between $60 000 and $79 999	468	15.0	221	15.5	338000	14.5	χ2 = 0.14 p = 0.71	h = -0.01	χ2 = 0.71 p = 0.40	h = 0.02
between $80 000 and $99 999	511	16.4	237	16.6	323935	13.9	χ2 = 0.02 p = 0.89	h < -0.01	χ2 = 16.44 p < 0.001	h = 0.07
$100 000 or more	1009	32.4	459	32.2	996590	42.7	χ2 = 0.01 p = 0.92	h < 0.01	χ2 = 134.32 p < 0.001	h = -0.21
Nationality
Born in Canada	2717	87.2	1263	88.5	1617475	69.2	χ2 = 1.50 p = 0.22	h = -0.04	χ2 = 469.17 p < 0.001	h = 0.44
Not born in Canada	397	12.7	164	11.5	718635	30.8	χ2 = 1.28 p = 0.26	h = 0.04	χ2 = 474.22 p < 0.001	h = -0.45
Ethnicity
White (e.g., Caucasian, European)	2741	87.9	1280	89.7	1686435	72.2	χ2 = 2.81 p = 0.09	h = -0.06	χ2 = 383.89 p < 0.001	h = 0.40
East Asian (e.g., Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese)	119	3.8	49	3.4	203295	8.7	χ2 = 0.30 p = 0.58	h = 0.02	χ2 = 92.93 p < 0.001	h = 0.21
Other Ethnicities	231	7.4	84	5.9	446385	19.1	χ2 = 3.29 p = 0.07	h = 0.06	χ2 = 274.96 p < 0.001	h = -0.35
Religion
Christian	1898	60.9	881	61.7	1578295	67.6	χ2 = 0.26 p = 0.61	h = -0.02	χ2 = 62.85 p < 0.001	h = -0.14
No Faith	984	31.6	444	31.1	485885	20.8	χ2 = 0.07 p = 0.79	h  < 0.001	χ2 = 218.42 p < 0.001	h = 0.25
Other Faiths	170	5.5	74	5.2	271935	11.6	χ2 = 0.09 p = 0.76	h = 0.01	χ2 = 115.30 p < 0.001	h = -0.22

StatCan = Statistics Canada. T1:T2 is the comparison between Time 1 sample and Time 2 sample. T1:StatCan is comparison between the Time 1 sample and Statistics Canada’s National Household Survey (2011) sample