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. 2016 Dec 5;16:502. doi: 10.1186/s12906-016-1491-4

Table 3.

Preliminary antifungal activity of P. hydropiper extracts and crude saponins

Fungal strains Inhibition of fungal growth
Crude (Ph.Cr) n-Hexane (Ph.Hex) Ethyl acetate (Ph.EtAc) Butanol (Ph.Bt) Chloroform (Ph.Chf) Aqueous (Ph.Aq) Saponins (Ph.Sp) Positive Control
Aspergillus fumigatus +++ ++ +++ +++ +++ ++ +++ +++
Aspergillus flavus +++ ++ ++ ++ +++ + +++ +++
Aspergillus niger ++ ++ +++ ++ +++ - ++ +++
Fusarium oxysporum ++ +++ +++ ++ +++ - +++ +++

Antifungal action expressed as complete inhibition (+++), Medium inhibition (++), Mild inhibition (+) and no inhibition (-) of fungal growth. Positive Control: Amphotericin-B