Table 2.
Internal age-standardized and WHO-age-standardized prevalence of behaviorala and metabolic risk factorsb for NCDs among 25–74 years old citizens in Yangon region, by urban-rural location
| Age-standardized prevalence | Age-standardized prevalence to WHO population | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Urban | Rural | p-value# | Urban | Rural | |
| % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | % (95% CI) | ||
| Daily smokera | 21.5 (13.0–30.1) | 27.0 (23.0–31.1) | 0.227 | 21.1 (15.1–28.6) | 26.0 (22.1–30.4) |
| Daily smokeless usera | 28.0 (21.6–34.3) | 32.4 (29.2–35.5) | 0.198 | 29.2 (22.2–37.5) | 32.7 (29.4–36.1) |
| Current alcohol drinkera | 13.9 (11.9–16.0) | 19.9 (14.6–25.1) | 0.040 * | 16.2 (13.9–18.8) | 21.2 (15.8–27.9) |
| Heavy drinkera | 3.5 (2.5–4.4) | 4.8 (1.6–7.9) | 0.394 | 4.0 (3.0–5.3) | 5.5 (2.5–11.7) |
| Low fruit & vegetable intakea | 85.1 (79.6–90.6) | 96.7 (95.3–98.1) | 0.001 * | 85.1 (78.9–89.7) | 96.6 (95.0–97.6) |
| Low physical activitya | 10.7 (6.4–15.0) | 11.1 (7.6–14.6) | 0.873 | 9.7 (5.9–15.5) | 9.2 (6.6–12.7) |
| Overweight and obesityb | 40.9 (33.5–48.2) | 31.2 (27.9–34.5) | 0.023 * | 38.9 (31.1–47.4) | 30.1 (26.2–34.3) |
| Obesityb | 12.3 (8.9–15.7) | 7.7 (6.2–9.2) | 0.019 * | 11.5 (9.2–14.4) | 6.9 (5.3–8.9) |
| Central obesityb | 33.1 (25.2–41.0) | 37.0 (31.2–42.7) | 0.396 | 29.2 (22.2–37.3) | 34.3 (29.2–39.9) |
| Hypertensionb | 41.1 (37.6–44.6) | 39.7 (33.0–46.5) | 0.697 | 37.4 (34.2–40.8) | 35.3 (29.8–41.3) |
| Diabetesb | 17.2 (10.9–23.5) | 9.2 (7.0–11.5) | 0.024 * | 14.1 (9.0–21.3) | 7.2 (5.8–8.9) |
| Hypercholesterolemiab | 56.0 (49.2–62.8) | 47.3 (40.5–54.2) | 0.074 | 52.7 (45.6–59.7) | 43.2 (35.4–51.3) |
| Hypertriglyceridemiab | 22.8 (19.3–26.4) | 19.1 (10.6–27.7) | 0.394 | 20.6 (16.8–24.9) | 17.9 (10.5–28.9) |
Daily smoker: currently smoke tobacco daily, Daily smokeless user: who currently daily-used any smokeless tobacco such as snuff, chewing tobacco and betel quid, current alcohol drinker- current drinker within 30 days, Heavy alcohol drinker: average alcohol intake > 40 g/day for male and >20 g/day for female, Low fruit & vegetable intake: < 5 servings of fruits and/or vegetables on an average per day, Low physical activity: less than 3 days of vigorous-intensity activity of at least 20 min per week, or less than 5 days of moderate- intensity activity (with a minimum of at least 600 MET-minutes) per week, overweight: BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2, obesity: BMI ≥30 kg/m2), Central obesity: waist-hip ratio >0.90 for male and > 0.85 for female, Hypertension: systolic blood pressure ≥140 and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mmHg or currently on medication for raised BP, Diabetes: Raised fasting blood glucose ≥ 7.0 mmol/L and/or history of diabetes, Hypercholesterolemia: ≥ 5.17 mmol/L of total cholesterol, Hypertriglyceridemia: ≥ 2.0 mmol/L of triglycerides
# p- value for differences between urban and rural values *p-value <0.05 from Wald test
aBehavioral risk factor, bmetabolic risk factor