. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Dec 6.

Published in final edited form as: Clin Geriatr Med. 2016 Aug 9;32(4):725–735. doi: 10.1016/j.cger.2016.06.006

Table 1.

Non-parenteral, single-ingredient opioids available in the United States.^3–5

Full μ agonist opioids	Partial μ agonist opioid	Mixed action opioids^a

Codeine^d Fentanyl^b Hydrocodone^c Hydromorphone^c Levorphanol^b Meperidine^d Methadone^b Morphine^c Oxycodone^c Oxymorphone^c	Buprenorphine^c	Tapentadol^d Tramadol^d

Mixed action = μ receptor agonist and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor;

high potency;

moderate potency;

low potency.