| Endoscopic |
| - Diagnostic endoscopy |
| - Endoscopic biopsy |
| - Endoscopic dilatations |
| - Variceal Sclerotherapy |
| - Endoscopic laser therapy |
| - Endoscopic Photodynamic therapy |
| - Endoscopic Stent Placement |
| Nasogastric tube placement |
| Endotracheal intubations |
| Transesophageal echocardiography |
| Minitracheostomy |
| Foreign bodies- |
| Bones, dentures, button batteries |
| Trauma |
| - Blunt |
| - Penetrating |
| - Sword swallowing |
| Spontaneous or Boerhaave’s syndrome |
| Caustic agents |
| - Acid and alkali |
| Severe Reflux and Mallory-Weiss tear |
| Infective causes |
| - Candida |
| - Herpes |
| - Syphilis |
| - Tuberculosis |
| - Immunodeficiency status |
| Non esophageal surgery – |
| Mediastinal and cervical –Thyroid, Lung, spine and mediastinal tumors |
| Malignancy of esophagus, Lung and other mediastinal structures |
