Table 3. Treatment Options for Esophageal Perforations.

Operative	Non operative
Primary closure	Conservative management
Primary closure with buttressing of repair with	Esophageal stenting
- Pleural flap	Fibrin glue applications
- Pericardial fat pad	Endoclip application
- Diaphragmatic pedicle graft
- Omentum onlay graft
- Rhomboid muscle
- Latissimus dorsi muscle
- Intercostal muscle
T-tube drainage
Drainage only
Esophagectomy with
- Immediate reconstruction
- Delayed reconstruction
Exclusion and diversion