Table 1.

Main characteristics of dietary interventions under clinical investigation

Dietary intervention	Metabolic effects	Potential clinical effects	Risks and limitations	Ongoing trials
Short-term fasting (STF)	-reduced glycemia -reduced insulinemia -reduced IGF-1 -increased ketones	-reduced side effects from CT -inhibition of tumor cell proliferation -apoptosis induction -synergistic with CT	-poor tolerability -weight loss -increased amino acid concentration	-metastatic prostate cancer: NCT02710721 -combined with cisplatin and gemcitabine: NCT00936364
Ketogenic diets	-reduced glycemia -reduced insulinemia -increased ketones -increased IGF-1 (if hyperproteic)	-inhibition of tumor cell proliferation -apoptosis induction -synergistic with CT	-poor palatability	-Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM): NCT02302235; NCT02046187; NCT01865162; NCT01754350;
Fasting-mimicking diet (FMD)	-reduced glycemia -reduced insulinemia -reduced IGF-1 -increased ketones	-reduced side effects from CT -apoptosis induction -inhibition of tumor cell proliferation -synergistic with CT	-poor palatability	-HER2-negative breast tumors (neoadjuvant): NCT02126449