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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Dec 1.
Published in final edited form as: Pharmacol Ther. 2016 Sep 13;168:143–157. doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.09.008

Table 1.

SphK expression and S1P levels in Lung Diseases

Lung Disease Expression of SphK1/SphK2 S1P Levels Therapy Option
Sepsis Decreased SphK1
Increased S1P Lyase 		Low Activation of SphK1
BPD Increased SphK1 Elevated Inhibition of SphK1 activity
IPF Increased SphK1 Elevated Inhibition of SphK1 activity
PH Increased SphK1 Elevated Inhibition of SphK1 activity
VILI Decreased SphK1
Increased S1P Lyase 		Elevated Inhibition of SphK1 activity
Lung Cancer Increased SphK1/SphK2 Elevated Inhibition of SphK1/SphK2 activity
RILI Increased SphK1/SphK2 Elevated Inhibition of SphK1/SphK2 activity