Table 2.
Scores for the MARKO questionnaire, COPD Assessment Test (CAT) and St’ George Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) according to different subgroups*†
| MARKO questionnaire |
CAT score | SGRQ scores |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 18-item | 14-item | symptom | activity | impact | total | |||
| All (N = 224)
Range |
11 (7-18.5)
0-44 |
8 (3.5-13.5)
0-36 |
8 (4-13)
0-37 |
14.5 (6.3-31.8)
0-100 |
18.3 (6-35.5)
0-79.6 |
3.9 (0-12.4)
0-55.3 |
12.5 (4.3-21.2)
0-56.5 |
|
| Sex |
Men (n = 110) |
10 (7-17) |
7 (3-13) |
8 (4-12) |
16.0 (4.6-30.2) |
23.2 (6-32.4) |
4.2 (0-14.1) |
12.9 (4.4-21.8) |
| Women (n = 114) |
13 (6-19) |
9 (4-14) |
9 (4-14) |
13 (7.5-34.4) |
17.4 (6-35.5) |
3.7 (0-9.5) |
11.3 (4.1-20) |
|
|
P |
0.162 |
0.18 |
0.147 |
0.805 |
0.975 |
0.361 |
0.625 |
|
| Subgroups after diagnostic workup |
HS (n = 72) |
7 (3-11) |
5 (2-9) |
5 (2-8) |
6.3 (0-14.2) |
11.2 (0-29.3) |
0 (0-4) |
5.2 (1.9-13.3) |
| SS (n = 110) |
13 (9-20)ǁ |
9 (4-15)ǁ |
10 (6-15)ǁ |
19.6 (11-37.3)ǁ |
23.4 (6-35.6) |
6.7 (0-13.4)ǁ |
14.7 (6.8-24.1)ǁ |
|
| COPD GOLD 1 (n = 23) |
10 (8-20)‡ |
8 (5-14) |
9 (4-12) |
11.4 (2.6-28) |
20.4 (11.2-29.5) |
5.1 (0-17.2) |
12.3 (3.8-21.9) |
|
| COPD GOLD 2 (n = 19) |
18 (10-26)ǁ |
13 (7-23)ǁ |
11.5 (6.5-18)§ |
29.2 (15.1-38.7)§ |
23.3 (17.4-47.7) |
11.4 (3-20.8)‡ |
18.3 (12.1-30.1)§ |
|
|
P |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
0.039 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
|
| COPD |
no (n = 182) |
11 (6-16) |
8 (3-12) |
8 (4-13) |
14.1 (6.3-31.7) |
17.4 (6-35.4) |
3.7 (0-10.6) |
11.2 (4.1-19.9) |
| yes (n = 42) |
14 (9-24) |
10 (5.5-18.5) |
9 (5-15) |
22.6 (5.4-34.4) |
23.3 (12.4-35.8) |
7.6 (0-18) |
17.2 (7.5-27) |
|
|
P |
0.008 |
0.015 |
0.133 |
0.264 |
0.226 |
0.098 |
0.09 |
|
| Smoking |
ex-smokers (n = 32) |
10 (6.5-19) |
8.5 (4-13.5) |
7 (3-12) |
6.3 (0-16.6) |
29.5 (11.8-35.6) |
4.2 (0-12.9) |
15.5 (4.8-21.7) |
| active (n = 192) |
11 (7-19) |
8 (3-14) |
8 (4-14) |
16.6 (8.8-34.4) |
17.4 (6-32.5) |
3.9 (0-12.4) |
12.5 (4.4-21.3) |
|
|
P |
0.657 |
0.697 |
0.324 |
0.002 |
0.054 |
0.637 |
0.533 |
|
| Comorbidities |
no (n = 98) |
10 (6-16) |
7.5 (3.5-12) |
8 (4-13) |
14.8 (6.3-34.4) |
17.4 (6-29.5) |
3.8 (0-11.4) |
12.6 (4.3-17.4) |
| yes (n = 126) |
11 (7-19) |
8 (4-15) |
8 (4-13) |
14.1 (5.1-27.9) |
23.3 (6.2-35.5) |
4.2 (0-13.3) |
12.3 (4.4-22) |
|
|
P |
0.238 |
0.113 |
0.943 |
0.414 |
0.132 |
0.527 |
0.44 |
|
| Chronic treatment |
no (n = 127) |
10 (6-17) |
7 (3-12) |
8 (4-12) |
14.1 (6.3-31.7) |
17.1 (6-29.5) |
2 (0-10.2) |
11 (3.8-17.4) |
| yes (n = 97) |
11 (8-19) |
8 (5-15) |
9 (5-14) |
14.9 (6.3-34.2) |
23.5 (11.2-35.6) |
6.1 (0-14.3) |
14.7 (5.8-22.4) |
|
|
P |
0.085 |
0.04 |
0.124 |
0.908 |
0.022 |
0.026 |
0.026 |
|
| Respiratory symptoms |
no (n = 86) |
7.5 (3-14) |
6 (2-10) |
5 (2-9) |
6.3 (0-14.2) |
11.5 (0-29.5) |
0 (0-4.2) |
5.2 (1.9-14.4) |
| yes (n = 138) |
14 (9-21) |
9 (5-15) |
10 (6-15) |
22.5 (11.1-38) |
23.3 (11.2-35.5) |
7.2 (0-14.9) |
15 (7.9-24.1) |
|
|
P |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
0.013 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
|
| Wheezing |
no (n = 175) |
10 (6-15) |
7 (3-12) |
7 (4-11) |
11 (2.3-22.4) |
17.1 (6-29.5) |
2 (0-9.5) |
9 (3.8-17) |
| yes (n = 49) |
19 (13-25) |
12 (9-18) |
14 (10-18) |
34.6 (22.6-45.8) |
29.5 (18.5-41.3) |
10.3 (4.3-18.1) |
21.4 (14.1-27.4) |
|
|
P |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
|
| Chronic cough/
sputum |
no (n = 110) |
9 (4-14) |
6 (3-10) |
7 (3-11) |
8.9 (0-18.3) |
17.1 (6-29.5) |
0 (0-7.9) |
7.6 (2.5-16.3) |
| yes (n = 114) |
14 (10-22) |
9 (5-16) |
10 (6-16) |
22.9 (11.1-40.5) |
23.4 (11.2-35.6) |
7.4 (0-15.9) |
15.7 (6.9-25.4) |
|
|
P |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
0.017 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
|
| Night awakenings |
no (n = 208) |
11 (6-18) |
8 (4-12) |
8 (4-12) |
12.2 (6.3-30.2) |
18.2 (6.2-35.4) |
3.8 (0-10.4) |
12.5 (4.4-19.4) |
| yes (n = 16) |
23 (12-34.5) |
15 (8-28.5) |
17 (13-25.5) |
46.9 (22.9-64.7) |
26.5 (12.2-53.6) |
20.9 (12.5-36.6) |
27 (21.9-45.7) |
|
|
P |
<0.001 |
0.003 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
0.076 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
|
| Chest pain |
no (n = 199) |
10 (6-15) |
7 (3-12) |
8 (4-12) |
11.9 (4.4-28) |
17.4 (6-29.5) |
3.7 (0-10.3) |
11.1 (4.1-18.2) |
| yes (n = 25) |
20 (15-27) |
16 (11-20) |
13 (9-18) |
31.7 (15.3-49.4) |
41.8 (23.7-53.6) |
12.2 (3.6-25.7) |
25.3 (15.7-36.5) |
|
|
P |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
0.001 |
<0.001 |
|
| Fatigue |
no (n = 160) |
9 (4-13) |
6 (3-9) |
6.5 (3-10) |
11.1 (2.6-27.3) |
12.2 (0-23.5) |
1.8 (0-7.4) |
7.7 (3.6-14.7) |
| yes (n = 64) |
19 (14-25) |
14.5 (11-20) |
13 (8-18) |
21.7 (9.6-40.5) |
35.8 (23.7-48) |
13.7 (7.1-22.9) |
23.1 (17-30.1) |
|
|
P |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
<0.001 |
|
| Soft noise on auscultation |
no (n = 151) |
11 (6-16) |
8 (3-12) |
8 (4-13) |
14.1 (6.6-27.3) |
17.4 (6-29.5) |
3.8 (0-11.4) |
11.7 (4.5-18.6) |
| yes (n = 73) |
11 (6-19) |
8 (4-13) |
8 (4-13) |
11.7 (2.3-34.4) |
12.4 (0-35.8) |
3.9 (0-15.4) |
11.1 (3.6-26) |
|
|
P |
0.786 |
0.881 |
0.744 |
0.745 |
0.824 |
0.75 |
0.916 |
|
| Prolonged expiration |
no (n = 199) |
10 (6-16) |
7 (3-12) |
8 (4-13) |
11.6 (4.5-28) |
17.4 (6-35.4) |
3.9 (0-11.4) |
11.2 (4-19.6) |
| yes (n = 25) |
16 (9-25) |
10 (6-21) |
9.5 (5.5-14) |
21.1 (10.7-34.4) |
23.7 (12.4-35.3) |
7.4 (0-18.7) |
17.1 (5.2-27.4) |
|
|
P |
0.007 |
0.008 |
0.194 |
0.076 |
0.226 |
0.122 |
0.08 |
|
| Rhonchi | no (n = 194) |
10 (6-15.5) |
7 (3-12) |
8 (4-12) |
11.6 (3.6-27.6) |
17.4 (6-35.5) |
3.8 (0-10.6) |
11.3 (3.8-19.6) |
| yes (n = 30) |
18.5 (11-25) |
12 (7-19) |
12.5 (5.5-17) |
23.8 (12.2-42.9) |
18.5 (6-35.9) |
10.3 (0-18.7) |
13.7 (8-27.6) |
|
| P | <0.001 | 0.004 | 0.021 | 0.001 | 0.581 | 0.025 | 0.031 | |
*HS – “healthy” smokers/ex-smokers, SS – symptomatic smokers/ex-smokers, COPD GOLD 1 – participants diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) with Tiffeneau index <0.7 and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)>80% predicted, COPD GOLD 2 – participants diagnosed as COPD with Tiffeneau index <0.7 and FEV1<80% and >50% predicted.
†All data are presented as median and interquartile range (IQR) and as range for the overall scores. Statistical significance for subgroups comparisons was tested using Mann-Whitney U test for all independent variables except for 4 subgroups according to diagnosis after the diagnostic workup that was tested using Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA.
‡Significantly different from HS (post-hoc analysis): P < 0.05.
§Significantly different from HS (post-hoc analysis): P < 0.01.
ǁSignificantly different from HS (post-hoc analysis): P < 0.001.