Table 1. Spectra of commonly used fluorescent markers for bone research using confocal and two-photon microscopy.
| Two-photon excitation (nm) | Confocal excitation (nm) | Emission (nm) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| eBFP | 780 | 380 | 440 |
| eCFP | 860–920 | 433 | 475 |
| eGFP | 880–930 | 488 | 509 |
| tdTomato | 900–1000 | 554 | 581 |
| DsRed | 930–990 | 557 | 592 |
| mCherry | 900–1000 | 587 | 610 |
| FITC | 780–800 | 494 | 520 |
| Texas red | 780–920 | 595 | 615 |
| Hoechst | 780 | 350 | 461 |
| DAPI | 700 | 358 | 461 |
| DiI | 700 | 549 | 565 |
| DiD | 780–820 | 644 | 665 |
| DiO | 780–830 | 484 | 501 |
| Alizarin complexone | 900 | 530–560 | 580 |
| Calcein | 780–900 | 495 | 515 |
| Tetracycline | 800 | 390 | 550 |
| Bone collagen (SHG) | 820–900 | NA | 450 |
Abbreviations; eBFP, enhanced blue fluorescent protein; eCFP, enhanced cyan fluorescent protein; eGFP, enhanced green fluorescent protein; FITC, fluorescein isothiocyanate; SHG, second-harmonic signal.