Table 2.
Associations Between Residential Distance to the Nearest Major Roadways and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and the Presence of Peripheral Artery Disease at Baseline and the Presence of Coronary Artery Calcification or Abdominal Aortic Calcification at the First Follow-up Visit, Jackson Heart Study, 2000–2008a
| Outcome and Model | Residential Distance to Major Roadwaysb | Ptrend | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| <150 m | 150–300 m | >300 m | ||||||||
| % Difference | PR | 95% CI | % Difference | PR | 95% CI | % Difference | PR | 95% CI | ||
| Baseline | ||||||||||
| CIMT | (n = 103) | (n = 158) | (n = 4,539) | |||||||
| 1c | 4.13 | −0.29, 8.74 | 0.03 | −3.44, 3.61 | 0 | 1 | Referent | 0.23 | ||
| 2d | 5.06 | −0.17, 10.58 | 0.12 | −3.69, 4.09 | 0.19 | |||||
| 3e | 5.93f | 0.63, 11.52 | −0.45 | −4.34, 3.60 | 0.22 | |||||
| 4g | 6.67f | 1.28, 12.35 | 0.04 | −3.89, 4.14 | 0.12 | |||||
| PAD | (n = 90) | (n = 149) | (n = 4,204) | |||||||
| 1 | 0.93 | 0.60, 1.44 | 0.86 | 0.61, 1.22 | 0 | 1 | Referent | 0.41 | ||
| 2 | 1.12 | 0.69, 1.79 | 0.83 | 0.56, 1.24 | 0.66 | |||||
| 3 | 1.11 | 0.70, 1.78 | 0.90 | 0.60, 1.34 | 0.90 | |||||
| 4 | 1.17 | 0.73, 1.86 | 0.88 | 0.58, 1.32 | 0.92 | |||||
| First Follow-up Visit | ||||||||||
| CAC | (n = 56) | (n = 140) | (n = 2,542) | |||||||
| 1 | 0.86 | 0.66, 1.12 | 0.81 | 0.63, 1.02 | 0 | 1 | Referent | 0.04 | ||
| 2 | 0.88 | 0.63, 1.24 | 0.81 | 0.62, 1.06 | 0.09 | |||||
| 3 | 0.85 | 0.60, 1.22 | 0.82 | 0.62, 1.07 | 0.09 | |||||
| 4 | 0.90 | 0.62, 1.31 | 0.80 | 0.61, 1.05 | 0.11 | |||||
| AAC | (n = 56) | (n = 140) | (n = 2,541) | |||||||
| 1 | 0.90 | 0.76, 1.06 | 1.00 | 0.99, 1.00 | 0 | 1 | Referent | 0.19 | ||
| 2 | 0.91 | 0.74, 1.11 | 1.03 | 0.90, 1.19 | 0.85 | |||||
| 3 | 0.92 | 0.73, 1.11 | 1.07 | 0.93, 1.23 | 0.90 | |||||
| 4 | 0.92 | 0.74, 1.13 | 1.06 | 0.92, 1.22 | 0.87 | |||||
Abbreviations: AAC, abdominal aortic calcification; CAC, coronary artery calcification; CI, confidence interval; CIMT, carotid intima-media thickness; PAD, peripheral artery disease; PR, prevalence ratio.
a Estimates represent relative percent difference in CIMT modeled as a continuous outcome and PRs for PAD, CAC, and AAC modeled as categorical outcomes.
b Major roadways were defined as US Census Feature Class Code A1 or A2 roads.
c Model 1 adjusted for age (natural spline, 3 df) and sex.
d Model 2 additionally adjusted for household income, education, and neighborhood socioeconomic status.
e Model 3 additionally adjusted for body mass index (natural spline, 3 df), smoking, physical activity (natural spline, 3 df), alcohol consumption, history of self-reported and physician-diagnosed coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, and carotid angioplasty, and neighborhood food environment (number of fast-food restaurants or grocery stores within 1.5 miles (2.4 km) of residence).
f P < 0.05.
g Model 4 additionally adjusted for diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia.