Table 3.
Associations Between Continuous Residential Distance to the Nearest Major Roadways and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and the Presence of Peripheral Artery Disease at Baseline and the Presence of Coronary Artery Calcification or Abdominal Aortic Calcification at the First Follow-up Visit, Jackson Heart Study, 2000–2008a
| Outcome and Model | Residential Distance to Major Roadwaysb | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Per Doubling in Distance | Per 150-m Increase in Distance | |||||
| % Difference | PR | 95% CI | % Difference | PR | 95% CI | |
| Baseline | ||||||
| CIMT | ||||||
| 1c | −0.33 | −0.75, 0.09 | −0.020 | −0.074, 0.035 | ||
| 2d | −0.04 | −0.51, 0.44 | 0.017 | −0.042, 0.077 | ||
| 3e | −0.02 | −0.51, 0.47 | 0.022 | −0.039, 0.083 | ||
| 4f | −0.05 | −0.54, 0.44 | 0.022 | −0.039, 0.083 | ||
| PAD | ||||||
| 1 | 1.00 | 0.96, 1.04 | 1.00 | 0.99, 1.006 | ||
| 2 | 0.98 | 0.94, 1.03 | 1.00 | 0.99, 1.006 | ||
| 3 | 0.98 | 0.94, 1.02 | 0.99 | 0.99, 1.005 | ||
| 4 | 0.98 | 0.94, 1.03 | 1.00 | 0.99, 1.006 | ||
| First Follow-up Visit | ||||||
| CAC | ||||||
| 1 | 1.01 | 0.96, 1.04 | 0.99 | 0.99, 1.003 | ||
| 2 | 1.00 | 0.97, 1.03 | 0.99 | 0.99, 1.001 | ||
| 3 | 1.00 | 0.97, 1.04 | 0.99 | 0.99, 1.003 | ||
| 4 | 1.00 | 0.97, 1.04 | 0.99 | 0.99, 1.003 | ||
| AAC | ||||||
| 1 | 1.02 | 0.99, 1.03 | 1.00 | 0.99, 1.003 | ||
| 2 | 1.00 | 0.98, 1.02 | 1.00 | 0.99, 1.003 | ||
| 3 | 0.99 | 0.98, 1.02 | 1.00 | 0.99, 1.003 | ||
| 4 | 0.99 | 0.98, 1.02 | 1.00 | 0.99, 1.003 | ||
Abbreviations: AAC, abdominal aortic calcification; CAC, coronary artery calcification; CI, confidence interval; CIMT, carotid intima-media thickness; PAD, peripheral artery disease; PR, prevalence ratio.
a Estimates represent relative percent difference in CIMT and PRs for PAD, CAC and AAC per 150-m increase in distance when distance is modeled on the natural scale or per doubling in distance when distance is modeled on a logarithmic scale.
b Major roadways were defined as US Census Feature Class Code A1 or A2 roads.
c Model 1 adjusted for age (natural spline, 3 df) and sex.
d Model 2 additionally adjusted for household income, education, and neighborhood socioeconomic status.
e Model 3 additionally adjusted for body mass index (natural spline, 3 df), smoking, physical activity (natural spline, 3 df), alcohol consumption, history of self-reported and physician-diagnosed coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, stroke, and carotid angioplasty, and neighborhood food environment (number of fast-food restaurants or grocery stores within 1.5 miles (2.4 km) of residence).
f Model 4 additionally adjusted for diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia.