Table 4.

Characteristics of Participants With Coronary Artery Calcification Measurements at the First Follow-up Visit, by Residential Distance to Major Roadways, Jackson Heart Study, 2005–2008

Characteristic	Residential Distance to Major Roadwaysa
	All (n = 2,682)b		<150 m (n = 56)		150–300 m (n = 84)		>300 m (n = 2,542)
	Mean (SD)	%	Mean (SD)	%	Mean (SD)	%	Mean (SD)	%
Age, years	60.5 (11.1)		60.8 (12.4)		62.5 (10.3)		60.5 (11.0)
Female sex		65.5		66.1		63.1		65.7
Body mass indexc	31.6 (6.4)		29.9 (5.2)		31.1 (5.7)		31.7 (6.5)
Education
High school or less		33.9		29.1		27.4		34.1
College or vocational school		46.1		52.7		44.0		46.1
Graduate school		20.0		18.2		28.6		19.8
Household income
Low		11.0		9.8		9.8		11.1
Lower middle		22.0		31.7		16.9		22.0
Upper middle		31.6		17.1		26.8		32.1
High		35.3		41.4		46.5		34.8
Alcohol consumption		46.2		57.1		50.0		45.9
Ever smoking
Never smoker		70.2		69.6		76.2		70.0
Past smoker		19.1		16.1		13.1		19.4
Current smoker		10.7		14.3		10.7		10.6
Hypertension		71.2		50.0		72.6		71.6
Diabetes mellitus		21.8		14.3		23.8		22.0
Hyperlipidemia		58.6		67.9		56.0		58.4
History of CHD, stroke, or MI		0.4		0		0		0.4
No. of fast-food outlets per square mile	1.6 (2.7)		1.6 (2.3)		2.1 (2.8)		1.5 (2.8)
No. of grocery stores per square mile	2.5 (4.8)		3.9 (5.6)		3.5 (4.8)		2.5 (4.7)
Coronary artery calcification		48.7		42.9		42.9		49.0

Abbreviations: CHD, coronary heart disease; MI, myocardial infarction; SD, standard deviation.

^a Major roadways were defined as US Census Feature Class Code A1 or A2 roads.

^b Missing data: body mass index, n = 37; education, n = 3; household income, n = 400; alcohol consumption, n = 8; ever smoking, n = 19.

^c Weight (kg)/height (m)².