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. 2016 Jun 24;311(3):H676–H688. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00330.2016

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2.

Atrioventricular dissociation, modulation of AVR activity, and stimulation of branchiocardiac nerve trunk. A: sample atrial (top trace) and ventricular (bottom trace) ECG traces in intact heart. Inset: atrioventricular delay in one cardiac cycle at a faster recording speed. B: surgical dissociation of AVR from the SAR caused desynchronization of the chambers and a slowed ventricular rate. C: nicotine (NIC) increased the ventricular R-R interval; this response was blocked by hexamethonium (HEX, grey shading). Isoproterenol (ISO) caused the ventricular R-R interval to decrease; this effect was blocked by timolol (TIM, grey shading). D: electrical stimulation of the branchiocardiac nerve trunk (BCT) in the intact heart reduced R-R interval. This response was eliminated by timolol (TIM, grey shading) but not hexamethonium (HEX, grey shading). *P < 0.05 vs. control by paired Student's t-test; n = 6 for each group.