Table 2.
Direct reprogramming into cardiomyocytes & hepatocytes
| Species | Starting cells | Target cells | Reprogramming factors | Gene delivery | Efficiency (%) | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mouse | Fibroblast | neonatal (cardiac) | iCM | Gata4, Mef2c, Tbx5 | Retrovirus | 10~15 | [30] |
| Mouse | Fibroblast | adult (cardiac) | iCM | Gata4, Mef2c, Tbx5 | Retrovirus | 12 | [31] |
| Mouse | Fibroblast | adult (cardiac, tail-tip) | iCM | Gata4, Mef2c, tbx5, Hand2 | Retrovirus | 9.2 | [32] |
| Mouse | Fibroblast | embryonic | iCM | Gata4, Tbx5, Baf60c | CMV promoter | <10 | [33] |
| Mouse | Fibroblast | embryonic | iCM | Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc | Retrovirus | - | [34] |
| Mouse | Fibroblast | neonatal, Adult (cardiac, tail-tip) | iCM | miR-1,133,208,499 | Lentivirus | 1.5~7.8 | [35] |
| Human | Fibroblast | fetal (heart), neonatal (skin) | hiCM | Gata4, Mef2c, Tbx5, Esrrg, Mesp1 | Retrovirus | 13 | [36] |
| Human | Fibroblast | neonatal (foreskin), adult (cardiac, dermal) | hiCM | Gata4, Hand2, Tbx5, Myocardin, miR-1,133 | Retrovirus | 12~19 | [37] |
| Mouse | Fibroblast | embryonic, adult (skin) | iHep | Hnf4a, Foxa1, Foxa2 or foxa3 | Retrovirus | 0.3 | [40] |
| Mouse | Fibroblast | adult (tail-tip) | iHep | Gata4, Hnf1a, Foxa3, inactivation of p19Arf | Lentivirus | 20 | [41] |
| Human | Fibroblast | fetal (limb), adult (dermal) | hiHep | Foxa3, Hnf1a, Hnf4a | Lentivirus | 10 | [42] |
| Human | Fibroblast | newborn | hiHep | Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 | Retrovirus | - | [43] |