Table 2.
In-school Individual Behavioral Health Service Use and Associated Medicaid Expenditures by Race/Ethnicity and Psychiatric Disorder
| ASD (N = 434) | Conduct/ODD (N = 253) | ADHD (N = 774) | Other psychiatric disorders (N = 141) | Type III interaction effect test (N = 1683) |
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Service Use by Race/Ethnicity |
% of users |
OR | 95% CI | p-level | % of users |
OR | 95% CI | p-level | % of users |
OR | 95% CI | p-level | % of users |
OR | 95% CI | p-level | p-value |
| African American | 45.3 | 0.84 | 0.62–1.14 | 0.276 | 80.7 | 1.04 | 0.65–1.66 | .879 | 71.7 | 1.62 | 1.25–2.10 | .000 | 73.2 | 1.24 | 0.76–2.04 | .395 | .021 |
| Hispanic | 10.9 | 0.51 | 0.33–0.78 | 0.002 | 8.9 | 0.52 | 0.28–0.97 | .039 | 16.9 | 0.45 | 0.33-0.60 | < .001 | 12.7 | 0.50 | 0.26–0.97 | .039 | .980 |
| White | 32.8 | Reference | Reference | Reference | 8.1 | Reference | Reference | Reference | 8.9 | Reference | Reference | 13.4 | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||
|
Annual Mean Medicaid Expenditures by Race/Ethnicity |
Median expenditures |
Mean estimate |
Mean estimate 95% CI |
p-level |
Median expenditures |
Mean estimate |
Mean estimate 95% CI |
p-level |
Median expenditures |
Mean estimate |
Mean estimate 95% CI |
p-level |
Median expenditures |
Mean estimate |
Mean estimate 95% CI |
p-level | |
| African American | $6877 | 1.10 | 0.97–1.25 | 0.142 | $5753 | 0.75 | 0.54–1.03 | .076 | $5141 | 0.99 | 0.82–1.19 | .934 | $5370 | 0.91 | 0.62–1.33 | .623 | .165 |
| Hispanic | $5,523 | 0.97 | 0.80–1.17 | 0.725 | $5845 | 0.73 | 0.48–1.12 | .147 | $4,307 | 0.85 | 0.69–1.06 | .162 | $5684 | 0.95 | 0.57–1.57 | .841 | .685 |
| White | $6,537 | Reference | Reference | Reference | $7405 | Reference | Reference | Reference | $5263 | Reference | Reference | Reference | $5355 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Note.
Ns in the columns present the numbers of service users by psychiatric disorders. 2008/2009 dollar rate presented. ASD: Autism spectrum disorder, ODD: Oppositional defiant disorder, ADHD: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. OR: Odds ratio. 95% CI: 95% confidence interval. Each row presents a separate model comparing children with all other psychiatric disorder groups to children with ASD. Mean estimates and mean estimate 95% CI present exponentiated beta coefficients and 95% confidence intervals of the mean estimates, respectively. Type III interaction effect models tested if within-group differences in service use and Medicaid expenditures by race/ethnicity significantly differ across psychiatric disorders adjusting for sex and age.