Table 3.
Out-of-school Behavioral Health Service Use and Associated Medicaid Expenditures by Race/Ethnicity and Psychiatric Disorder
| ASD (N = 819) | Conduct/ODD (N = 4,503) | ADHD (N = 9,192) | Other psychiatric disorders (N = 8,085) | Type III interaction effect test |
|||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Service Use by Race/Ethnicity |
% of users |
OR | 95% CI | p-level | % of users |
OR | 95% CI | p-level | % of users |
OR | 95% CI | p-level | % of users |
OR | 95% CI | p-level | p-value |
| African American | 45.8 | 1.08 | 0.47-2.46 | .877 | 73.7 | 0.74 | 0.51-1.09 | .124 | 48.4 | 0.42 | 0.24-0.72 | .002 | 59.3 | 0.66 | 0.44-1.01 | .053 | .315 |
| Hispanic | 14.0 | 8.03 | 0.49-132.74 | .146 | 17.0 | 1.50 | 0.94-2.38 | .089 | 39.3 | 1.91 | 1.02-3.58 | .043 | 25.1 | 1.79 | 1.04-3.08 | .036 | .980 |
| White | 29.9 | Reference | Reference | Reference | 7.4 | Reference | Reference | Reference | 9.6 | Reference | Reference | 13.0 | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||
|
Annual Mean Medicaid Expenditures by Race/Ethnicity |
Median expenditures |
Mean estimate |
Mean estimate 95% CI |
p-level |
Median expenditures |
Mean estimate |
Mean estimate 95% CI |
p-level |
Median expenditures |
Mean estimate |
Mean estimate 95% CI |
p-level |
Median expenditures |
Mean estimate |
Mean estimate 95% CI |
p-level | |
| African American | $3003 | 1.11 | 0.95-1.30 | .209 | $1113 | 1.01 | 0.89-1.14 | .917 | $852 | 1.24 | 1.14-1.35 | <.001 | $600 | 1.10 | 1.02-1.19 | .010 | .032 |
| Hispanic | $1561 | 0.72 | 0.58-0.89 | .003 | $647 | 0.72 | 0.62-0.83 | <.001 | $532 | 0.62 | 0.57-0.68 | <.001 | $486 | 0.72 | 0.66-0.78 | <.001 | .045 |
| White | $2481 | Reference | Reference | Reference | $915 | Reference | Reference | Reference | $586 | Reference | Reference | Reference | $564 | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Note.
Ns in the columns present the numbers of service users by psychiatric disorders. 2008/2009 dollar rate presented. ASD: Autism spectrum disorder, ODD: Oppositional defiant disorder, ADHD: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. OR: Odds ratio. 95% CI: 95% confidence interval. Each row presents a separate model comparing children with all other psychiatric disorder groups to children with ASD. Mean estimates and mean estimate 95% CI present exponentiated beta coefficients and 95% confidence intervals of the mean estimates, respectively. Type III interaction effect models tested if within-group differences in service use and Medicaid expenditures by race/ethnicity significantly differ across psychiatric disorders adjusting for sex and age.