Table 2.

Descriptive sample data (N = 788) and national data.

Variable			Sample data %			National data %			Z
Ethnic group^a
Latina			15			17			−1.15
Racial group^a
White			76			78			1.11
Black			16			13			2.39^*
Asian			4			5			1.80
American Indian/Alaska Native			2			1			0.57
Hawaiian Pacific Islander			<1			<1			0.00
Two or more races			2			2			0.00
Parent level of education^b
High school or less			29			41			−6.84^*
Some college			30			27			1.86
4-year degree			17			20			−2.10^*
Graduate degree			18			12			5.17^*
Unknown			6			—			—
Type of school^c
Public			90			92			−2.07^*
Private			10			8			1.96^*
Geographic region^d
Northeast			18			18			0.00
Midwest			24			21			2.07^*
South			34			37			−1.74
West			24			24			0.00
City type^e
Urbanized area			81			79			1.38
Large town			9			10			−0.94
Small town/rural			10			10			0.00
		Grade			Grade			Grade

Past-month substance use^f	8th	9th	10th	8th	9th	10th	8th	9th	10th
Alcohol	16	24	27	11	24	31	2.18^*	0.00	0.90
Binge drinking	6	10	13	6	14	17	0.00	−2.16^*	1.11
Cigarettes	10	11	14	5	10	13	3.12^*	0.55	0.21
Marijuana	7	15	18	7	18	24	0.00	1.44	1.52

p < 0.05.

National data (N = 316,427,395) from U.S. Census Bureau, 2016.

National data (N = 242,248) from U.S. Census Bureau, 2014.

National data (N = 53,988,330) from Bitterman et al., 2013.

Sample data categorized according designations from U.S. Census Bureau, 2015 (N = 318,907,401).

Zip codes from sample data categorized according to data from Rural Health Research Center, 2004 (N = 292,936,686).

Sample data are 8th graders (n = 215), 9th graders (n = 412), and 10th graders (n = 139); National data for 8th graders (N = 6450) from Johnston et al., 2014; national data for 9th (N = 3500) and 10th graders (N = 3100) from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2013.