Table 3.
Multivariable predictive model of change in dietary inflammatory index over time in the Observational Study; Women's Health Initiative
| Predictors | β (SE) | P-value (β) |
|---|---|---|
| Baseline DII | −0.44 (0.00) | <0.0001 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | ||
| Normal weight (>25) | referent | |
| Overweight(25 - <30) | 0.25 (0.02) | <0.0001 |
| Obese(>30) | 0.10 (0.02) | <0.0001 |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| European American | referent | |
| African American | 0.48 (0.03) | <0.0001 |
| Asian or Pacific Islander | −0.17 (0.05) | <0.0001 |
| Hispanic | 0.68 (0.05) | <0.0001 |
| Other | 0.07 (0.06) | 0.28 |
| Educational level | ||
| ≥4 years of college | referent | |
| High school graduate/some college or associate degree | 0.31 (0.02) | <0.0001 |
| Some high school or lower educational level | 0.47 (0.10) | <0.0001 |
| Use of NSAIDs | ||
| Yes | referent | |
| No | 0.08 (0.01) | <0.0001 |
| Age group (years) | ||
| 50-59 | referent | |
| 60-69 | −0.04 (0.01) | <0.0001 |
| 70-79 | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.18 |
| Physical activity (minutes/week) | ||
| Meeting PA recommendation | referent | |
| Not meeting PA recommendation | 0.26 (0.02) | <0.0001 |
| Smoking status | ||
| Never | referent | |
| Former | −0.07 (0.02) | <0.0001 |
| Current | 0.24 (0.03) | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension status | ||
| No | referent | |
| Yes | 0.06 (0.01) | <0.0001 |
| Diabetes | ||
| No | referent | |
| Yes | 0.10 (0.02) | <0.0001 |
| Use of estrogen & progesterone | ||
| None | referent | |
| < 5y | 0.00 (0.02) | 0.91 |
| 5 to <10y | −0.10 (0.02) | 0.0001 |
| 10 to <15y | −0.09 (0.02) | 0.0002 |
| ≥15y | 0.10 (0.04) | 0.02 |
NB: Starting model for prediction include: baseline DII, education, BMI, race/ethnicity, study year, age, physical activity, smoking status, use of NSAIDs, statins, anti-depressants, history of hypertension, diabetes, cancer, use of estrogen, combined of use of estrogen and progesterone. The final model included: baseline DII, education, BMI, race/ethnicity, age, physical activity, smoking status, diabetes, and combined of use of estrogen and progesterone.