Table 6. Examples of opposing functions of TG2 in blood vessel formation.

Blood vessel	Reports	Possible causation	References
Positive role	Formation and stability of blood vessels	Promotion of angiogenic process via VEGF signals in endothelium	161, 162
	Migration and tubule formation of HUVEC	TG2 inhibition results in reduced FN deposition, matrix-bound VEGFA, phosphorylation of VEGF receptor 2, and then suppresses migration and tubule formation	30
	Endothelial sprouting, migration of both endothelial and vascular mesenchymal cells, and organization of actin cytoskeleton	Promotion of the angiogenic process in endothelial and mesenchymal cells	164
	Cell spreading and adhesion in the human endothelial cell line ECV304	Adhesion activity with integrin or FN	113, 166
	Colocalization and binding with endostatin	Promotion of angiogenesis via endostatin-TG2 binding	167, 168
Negative role	Inhibition of angiogenesis and tumor growth via matrix changes through an intratumoral injection of TG2 into mice	Reduced organized vasculature via excess stabilization/accumulation of ECM crosslinking	171
	RA-mediated apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells	Effect in smooth muscle cells	54