Table 1.
Characteristics of the included prospective cohort studies
| Author, year | Location | Study name | Sex | Age range (years) | Follow-up (years) | Cases (cohort size) | Dietary assessment | Quality score |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adebamowo et al., 2015 [20] | US | Nurses’ Health Study (NHS) | F | 30–55 in NHS I; 25–42 in NHS II | 30 in NHS I; 22 in NHS II | 3780 stroke cases (86,149 in NHS I; 94,715 in NHS II) | Validated FFQ | 8 |
| Adebamowo et al., 2015 [37] | US | Health Professionals Follow-up Study (HPFS) | M | 40–75 | 24 | 1547 stroke cases (42,669) | Validated FFQ | 9 |
| Al-Delaimy et al., 2004 [38] | US | HPFS | M | 40–75 | 12 | 1449 CHD cases (39,633) | Validated FFQ | 9 |
| Ascherio et al., 1998 [39] | US | HPFS | M | 40–75 | 8 | 328 stroke cases (43,738) | Validated FFQ | 9 |
| Bain et al., 2015 [40] | UK | European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC)-Norfolk cohort | M/F | 40–75 | 5.8 | 928 stroke cases (25,639) | 7-day dietary recall | 9 |
| Chiuve et al., 2011 [41] | US | NHS | F | 30–55 | 26 | 505 sudden cardiac deaths (88,375) | Validated FFQ | 9 |
| Chiuve et al., 2013 [42] | US | NHS | F | 30–55 | 28 | 3614 CHD cases (86,323) | Validated FFQ | 8 |
| Dai et al., 2013 [21] | China | Shanghai Women’s Health Study (SWHS) and Shanghai Men’s Health Study (SMHS) | M/F | 40–70 in SWHS; 40–74 in SMHS | NA | 6224 total deaths, 1947 CVD deaths, 906 CHD deaths, 1041 stroke deaths (136,442) | Validated FFQ | 9 |
| de Oliveira Otto et al., 2012 [43] | US | Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Participants (MESA) | M/F | 45–84 | 6.2 | 279 CVD case, 399 T2D cases (6814) | Validated FFQ | 7 |
| Guasch-Ferré et al., 2014 [44] | Spain | Prevención con Dieta Mediterránea (PREDIMED) | M/F | 55–80 | 4.8 | 323 total deaths, 81 CVD deaths, 277 CVD cases (7216) | Validated FFQ | 7 |
| Hata et al., 2013 [45] | Japan | The Hisayama Study | M/F | 40–79 | 15.6 | 417 T2D cases (1999) | Validated FFQ | 9 |
| Hodge et al., 2004 [46] | Australia | Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study | M/F | 40–69 | 4 | 365 T2D cases (31,641) | Validated FFQ | 8 |
| Hopping et al., 2010 [47] | Hawaii, US | Multiethnic Cohort (MEC) | M/F | 45–75 | 14 | 8587 T2D cases (75,512) | Validated FFQ | 8 |
| Hruby et al., 2014 [48] | US | Framingham Heart Study (FHS) Offspring cohort | M/F | 26–81 | 7 | 179 T2D cases (2582) | Validated FFQ | 7 |
| Huang et al., 2015 [49] | Taiwan, China | Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan | M/F | 65–97 | 9 | 475 total deaths, 124 CVD deaths, 231 diabetes cases (1400) | 24-h dietary recall and validated FFQ | 7 |
| Iso et al., 1999 [50] | US | NHS | F | 34–59 | 14 | 690 stroke cases (85,764) | Validated FFQ | 8 |
| Kaluza et al., 2010 [51] | Sweden | Cohort of Swedish Men | M | 45–79 | 10 | 2358 total deaths, 819 CVD deaths (23,366) | Validated FFQ | 8 |
| Kao et al., 1999 [52] | US | Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study | M/F | 45–64 | 6 | 1106 T2D cases (12,128) | 12-h dietary recall | 8 |
| Kim et al., 2010 [53] | US | Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study | M/F | 18–30 | 20 | 330 diabetes cases (4497) | Validated FFQ | 9 |
| Kirii et al., 2010 [54] | Japan | Japan Collaborative Cohort Study (JACC) | M/F | 40–65 | 5 | 459 diabetes cases (11,592) | Validated FFQ | 7 |
| Konishi et al., 2015 [55] | Japan | The Takayama Study | M/F | >35 | 10 | 438 diabetes case (13,525) | Validated FFQ | 8 |
| Larsson et al., 2008 [56] | Finland | Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study | M | 50-69 | 13.6 | 2702 stroke cases (26,556) | Validated FFQ | 9 |
| Larsson et al., 2011 [57] | Sweden | Swedish Mammography Cohort | F | 49-83 | 10.4 | 1680 stroke cases (34,670) | Validated FFQ | 7 |
| Levitan et al., 2013 [58] | US | Women’s Health Initiative | F | 50-79 | 4.6 | 1433 total deaths (161,808) | Validated FFQ | 7 |
| Liao et al., 1998 [59] | US | ARIC | M/F | 45-64 | 4-7 | 319 CHD cases (13,922) | Validated FFQ | 8 |
| Lin et al., 2013 [60] | Taiwan, China | Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Two-township Study (CVDFACTS) | M/F | >18 | 12 | 123 stroke cases (2061) | Validated FFQ | 8 |
| Lopez-Ridaura et al., 2004 [61] | US | NHS and HPFS | M/F | 30-55 in NHS; 40-75 in HPFS | 18 in NHS; 12 in HPFS | 4085 T2D cases in NHS (85,060); 1333 T2D cases in HPFS (42,872) | Validated FFQ | 9 |
| Meyer et al., 2000 [62] | US | Iowa Women’s Health Study | F | 55-69 | 6 | 1141 T2D cases (35,988) | Validated FFQ | 9 |
| Nanri et al., 2010 [63] | Japan | Japan Public Health Center-based Prospective Study | M/F | 45-75 | 5 | 1114 T2D cases (59,791) | Validated FFQ | 8 |
| Ohira et al., 2009 [64] | US | ARIC | M/F | 45-64 | 15 | 577 ischemic stroke cases (14,221) | Validated FFQ | 9 |
| Schulze et al., 2007 [65] | Germany | EPIC-Potsdam study | M/F | 35-65 | 7 | 844 T2D cases (25,067) | Validated FFQ | 9 |
| Song et al., 2004 [66] | US | Women’s Health Study (WHS) | F | >45 | 6 | 918 T2D cases (39,345) | Validated FFQ | 9 |
| Song et al., 2005 [67] | US | WHS | F | >45 | 10 | 1037 CVD cases (39,876) | Validated FFQ | 9 |
| Tao et al., 2016 [68] | US | Western New York Exposures and Breast Cancer Study | F | 35-79 | 7.3 | 170 all-cause deaths (1170) | Validated FFQ | 8 |
| Taveira et al., 2016 [69] | US | Jackson Heart Study | M/F | 55-74 | 5 | 270 heart failure hospitalizations (4916) | Validated FFQ | 9 |
| van Dam et al., 2006 [70] | US | Black Women’s Health Study | F | 21-69 | 8 | 1964 T2D cases (41,186) | Validated FFQ | 9 |
| Villegas et al., 2009 [71] | China | Shanghai Women’s Health Study | F | 40-70 | 6.9 | 2270 T2D cases (64,191) | Validated FFQ | 9 |
| Weng et al., 2008 [72] | Taiwan, China | CVDFACTS | M/F | >40 | 10.6 | 132 ischemic stroke (1772) | Validated FFQ | 8 |
| Weng et al., 2012 [73] | Taiwan, China | CVDFACTS | M/F | >30 | 4.6 | 141 T2D cases (1604) | Validated FFQ | 7 |
| Zhang et al., 2012 [74] | Japan | JACC | M/F | 40-79 | 14.7 | 2690 CVD deaths, 1227 stroke deaths, 557 CHD deaths, 431 heart failure deaths (58,615) | Validated FFQ | 8 |
FFQ Food-frequency questionnaire, NA Not available, T2D type 2 diabetes, CVD cardiovascular disease, CHD coronary heart disease