Table 2.
Overview of experimental and naturalistic studies using self-reported emotional eating questionnaires.
| Author | Design | Self-report questionnaire | Sample | Mood | Food |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adriaanse et al., 2011—study 2 | Naturalistic | DEBQ | Female students (N = 184) | Positive and negative emotions | Unhealthy snacks |
| Bongers et al., 2013a | Experiment | DEBQ | Male and female students (N = 87) | Negative: film excerpt Positive: film excerpt Neutral: film excerpt |
Salted crisps, ketchup crisps, dark chocolate, milk chocolate, white chocolate |
| Bongers et al., 2013b | Experiment | DEBQ | Female students (N = 112) | Negative: film excerpt | Vanilla milkshakes |
| Positive: film excerpt | |||||
| Neutral: film excerpt | |||||
| Bongers et al., 2016 | Experiment | DEBQ | Female students (N = 42) | Negative: memory recall (sadness) and sad music Positive: memory recall (happiness) and happy music Control: making puzzles |
Six snack foods previously rated as highly palatable by the participant |
| Brogan and Hevey, 2013 | Naturalistic | DEBQ | Obese adults (N = 57) | Positive and negative affect | Between-meal snacks, food eaten whilst cooking, all drinks, take-away meals, sugar added to drinks or meals |
| Conner et al., 1999 | Naturalistic | DEBQ | Male and female students (N = 60) | Daily hassles | Food eaten between meals |
| Evers et al., 2009 | Experiment | DEBQ | Female students | ||
| Study 1 | N = 30 | Negative: emotional vignette | Chocolate, crisps, raisins, crackers | ||
| Neutral: neutral vignette | |||||
| Study 2 | N = 60 | Negative: film excerpt Positive: film excerpt |
Chocolate, crisps, raisins, crackers | ||
| Study 3 | N = 37 | Negative: memory recall (sadness) | Chocolate, crisps, cookies | ||
| Neutral: memory recall (neutral) | |||||
| Study 4 | N = 57 | Negative: negative false feedback | Chocolate, crisps, fruit, crackers | ||
| Positive: positive false feedback | |||||
| Neutral: no feedback | |||||
| Fay and Finlayson, 2011 | Experiment | DEBQ | Female students (N = 30) | Negative: memory recall (sadness) | Sweet popcorn |
| Neutral: memory recall (neutral) | |||||
| Kenardy et al., 2003 | Experiment | EES-II | Male and female students (N = 114) | Negative: task failure | Three types of savory crackers |
| Positive: task success | |||||
| Kuijer and Boyce, 2012 | Naturalistic | Other | Male and female adults (N = 105) | Natural disaster | Consumption of healthy amounts of food, fruit and vegetable intake, consumption of junk foods, overeating, eating breakfast |
| Newman et al., 2007 | Naturalistic | DEBQ | Adult females (N = 50) | Daily hassles | Food eaten between meals |
| O'Connor et al., 2008 | Naturalistic | DEBQ | Male and female adults (N = 422) | Daily hassles | Food eaten between meals |
| Oliver et al., 2000 | Experiment | DEBQ | Male and female adults (N = 68) | Negative: anticipation of unprepared speech Neutral: listen to neutral text |
Buffet consisting of fifteen bland, salty and sweet high fat and low fat foods |
| Raspopow et al., 2014 | Experiment | DEBQ | Female students (N = 103) | Negative: anticipation of unprepared speech Neutral: read magazines |
Miniature brownies |
| Royal and Kurtz, 2010 | Experiment | DEBQ | Female students (N = 52) | Negative: unsolvable anagrams (high stress) | M&M's, Reese's Pieces, cheese crackers, peanuts |
| Neutral: solvable anagrams (low stress) | |||||
| Schneider et al., 2012 | Experiment | EES | Lean and obese adults (N = 60) | Negative: memory recall (anger/anxiety) Neutral: memory recall (neutral) |
Six snack foods previously rated as highly palatable by the participant |
| Sproesser et al., 2013 | Experiment | Other | Male and female students (N = 141) | Negative: social exclusion | Three types of ice cream |
| Positive: social inclusion | |||||
| Neutral: neither inclusion nor exclusion | |||||
| Turner et al., 2010 | Experiment | TFEQ-R | Male and female students (N = 106) | Positive: film excerpt | Chocolate chip cookies |
| Neutral: film excerpt | |||||
| van Strien et al. (2012—study 1) | Experiment | DEBQ | Female students (N = 124) | Negative: film excerpt Neutral: film excerpt |
M&M's, crisps |
| van Strien et al. (2012—study 2/2013b/2014)a | Experiment | DEBQ | Female students (N = 47/47/54) | Negative: Trier Social Stress Test Neutral: Rating fabrics |
Grapes, carrots, M&M's, butter cakes |
| van Strien et al., 2013a | Experiment | DEBQ | Female students (N = 60) | Negative: film excerpt Positive: film excerpt |
Apple, banana, salty peanuts, sweet peanuts, crisps, jellies, cereal bar, chocolate, rice diet bar, rosquilleta |
| Wallis and Hetherington, 2004 | Experiment | DEBQ | Females (N = 38) | Negative: ego-threatening Stroop task | Chocolate buttons |
| Neutral: neutral Stroop task | |||||
| Wallis and Hetherington (2009—study 2) | Experiment | DEBQ | Females (N = 26) | Negative: ego-threatening Stroop task | Chocolate, dried fruit |
| Neutral: neutral Stroop task | |||||
| Werthmann et al., 2014 | Experiment | DEBQ | Female students (N = 85) | Negative: memory recall and negative music | Grapes, cucumber, chocolate, crisps |
| Neutral: memory recall and neutral music |