Figure 6. Foods containing specific monosaccharide-rich constituents protect against SISR injury.

(a) Infarct size for various wheat constituents in the SISR model. The doses for arabinoxylan and β-glucan (10 mg/kg/day) were chosen from Supplementary Fig. S7. The dose for cellulose (100 mg/kg/day) that accounts for 25% of 400 mg/kg/day WE was chosen as the excessive dose because cellulose was not soluble in water. The doses for starch and gluten were chosen by assuming that WE consists of only starch or gluten, based on the fact that starch and protein, which consists mainly of gluten, account for 60–75% and 10–18% of the wheat grains, respectively⁶³. The dose of ferulic acid, the major phenolic acid in wheat, was chosen as the excessive dose because the content of ferulic acid in a WE dose of 400 mg/kg/day was calculated as 0.4 mg/kg/day by assuming that ferulic acid accounts for 0.1% of the wheat grains²⁴. (b) Infarct size for arabinogalactan-peptide. The range of the doses was calculated to include arabinogalactan-peptide content in wheat flour (0.27–0.38%)⁶⁴, which is less than 2 mg/kg/day of arabinogalactan-peptide in 400 mg/kg/day WE. (c) Infarct size for various plant cell wall monosaccharides and polysaccharides. The dose of galactose was chosen as the excessive dose by assuming that arabinogalactan-peptide at 100 mg/kg/day consists only of galactose. Data divisions according to polysaccharide and monosaccharide groups are shown as horizontal lines. (d) Design of the SISR experiments with samples administered through tail-vein injection 1 hour before LAD artery ligation. (e) Infarct size for arabinose, xylose, galactose, and cyclosporine A. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 compared with the controls. The numbers inside bars indicate the number of animals per group.