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Effect of 
of opposite polarities on substrate translocation in RSO or ISO vesicles. (A) 
with RSO vesicles generated by addition of d-lactate (ΔΨ, interior negative); substrate is accumulated. (B) 
with ISO vesicles generated by addition of 10 mM Mg(II)ATP or 20 mM lithium d-lactate under oxygen (interior positive and/or acid), which is opposite to that of RSO vesicles; substrate effluxes from the vesicles.
