Table 5. Two-Part Model Estimation of OOP Health Payments .
| Number of observations = 7739, Clusters = 591 | ||
| Wald chi2 (18) = 328.7, Prob > chi2 = 0.000 | ||
| Log pseudo likelihood = -4544.3, Pseudo R2 = 0.075 | ||
| Variables | OR | 95% CI |
| Distance to health facility | 1.010** | 1.002 1.018 |
| Age in years | 1.007*** | 1.005 1.010 |
| Gender | 1.026 | 0.933 1.130 |
| Region of residence | 0.805* | 0.651 0.997 |
| Log of household per capita expenditure | 1.387*** | 1.296 1.484 |
| No formal education (reference category) | - | - |
| Primary level | 1.119 | 0.882 1.419 |
| Secondary level | 1.033 | 0.805 1.325 |
| Tertiary level | 1.168 | 0.830 1.644 |
| Malaria or fever (reference category) | - | - |
| Respiratory illnesses | 1.168 | 0.884 1.543 |
| Diarrhoea | 1.008 | 0.786 1.292 |
| Headache | 0.932 | 0.766 1.133 |
| Other illnesses | 1.254*** | 1.099 1.431 |
| Public health post (reference category) | - | - |
| Tertiary/secondary hospital | 1.547*** | 1.232 1.942 |
| District hospital | 2.175*** | 1.609 2.941 |
| Public health centre | 1.262*** | 0.862 1.848 |
| Mission health facility | 0.121 | 0.097 0.140 |
| Private/other health facility | 3.747*** | 3.133 4.001 |
| Employment status | 0.929 | 0.892 1.025 |
| Constant | 0.070*** | 0.068 0.110 |
| Generalised linear model estimation | ||
| Number of observations = 2559 | ||
| Clusters = 526 | ||
| Deviance = 7263.7 | ||
| Pearson = 43 782.6 | ||
| Bayesian information Criterion = -12 514.5 | ||
| AIC = 9.81 | ||
| Log pseudo likelihood = -12 532.3 | ||
| Variable | Coefficient | SE adjusted for clustering on psu |
| Distance to health facility | 0.013*** | 0.003 |
| Age in years | 0.025*** | 0.003 |
| Gender | -0.358* | 0.154 |
| Region of residence | 0.317* | 0.177 |
| Log of household per capita expenditure | 0.147** | 0.069 |
| No formal education (reference category) | - | - |
| Primary level | 0.429** | 0.117 |
| Secondary level | 0.680*** | 0.223 |
| Tertiary level | 0.266 | 0.268 |
| Malaria of fever(reference category) | - | - |
| Respiratory illnesses | -0.053 | 0.249 |
| Diarrhoea | 0.018 | 0.219 |
| Headache | -0.543** | 0.218 |
| Other illnesses | 0.273 | 0.172 |
| Public health post (reference category) | - | - |
| Tertiary/secondary hospital | 1.650*** | 0.323 |
| District hospital | 0.479** | 0.212 |
| Public health centre | 0.245 | 0.218 |
| Mission health facility | 0.542 | 0.285 |
| Private/other health facility | 1.414*** | 0.275 |
| Employment status | 0.568* | 0.292 |
| Constant | 1.352*** | 0.428 |
Abbreviations: OR, Odds ratio; OOP, out-of-pocket; AIC, Akaike information criterion; SE, standard error.
*** P < .01, ** P < .05, * P < .10.