Table 1.
Mental Health Overview
| Mental Health/Neurotransmitters/Stress | Strains | Overview | Professional and Commercial Products | Foods | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anxiety | |||||
| Galland7 (2014) | B fragilis | Associated with decreased anxiety in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome; “Corrects excessive gut permeability, alters gut microbial composition, and ameliorates deficits in communication and stereotypic, anxiety-like, and sensorimotor behaviors in the maternal immune activation model.” | Not available | B fragilis: | None |
| Messaoudi et al2 (2011) | B longum R0175, L helveticus R0052 | Daily administration of L helveticus R0052 and B longum R0175 reduced psychological distress, anger hostility. L helveticus R0052 and B longum R0175 taken in combination display anxiolytic-like activity in rats and beneficial psychological effects. |
B longum
R0175,
L helveticus
R0052: Dr Formulated Probiotics Mood+ (Garden of Life) L helveticus, B longum R0175: Xymogen Probio Defence L helveticus, B longum: Pure Encapsulations (Probiomood) B longum: FLORASSIST Mood (Life Extension) |
B longum R0175 | None |
| L helveticus R0052 | None | ||||
| Rao et al5 (2009) | L casei strain Shirota17 | Resulted in a significant rise in both Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium as well as a significant decrease in anxiety symptoms (P = .01) in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. | Not available | L casei strain Shirota: | Yakult USA17 |
| Rao et al5 (2009) | L plantarum 299 V | Resulted in significant rise in fecal Bifidobacterium levels. “Bifidobacteria can boost plasma tryptophan levels and alter serotonin and dopamine turnover in areas of the brain associated with depression and anxiety.” |
L plantarum
V299: Digestive Health Probiotic (Nature Made) Heart Healthy Probiotic Solutions (Dr Sinatra) Arrow Formulas Ideal Bowel Support, 10 Billion Organisms V-Capsules Probiata Digestion Support and Critical Care (Kyolic) Plantadophilus (3 billion CFU) Transformation Enzymes Probiotic Balance (Sundown Naturals) Probiotic GX (Nature’s Bounty) Probiotic Supplement (GoodBelly) UltraFlora Intensive Care (Metagenics) |
L plantarum 299V | All GoodBelly products (NextFoods18) |
| Wang et al10 (2016); Akkasheh et al11 (2016); Liu et al1 (2016); Liu et al12 (2016); Mohammadi et al13 (2015) |
B longum, B bifidum, B breve, B infantis L helveticus, L rhamnosus, L acidophilus, L casei, L plantarum strain PS128 |
Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus showed efficacy in improving psychiatric disorder related behaviors including anxiety, depression, autism spectrum disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and memory abilities including spatial and nonspatial memory. Probiotic administration with L casei, L acidophilus, and Bifidobacterium for 8 wk had beneficial effects in Beck Depression Inventory, insulin, homeostasis, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein concentrations, and glutathione concentrations. Chronic ingestion of PS128 could ameliorate anxiety and depression-like behaviors and modulate neurochemicals related to affective disorders. PS128 shows psychotropic properties and has great potential for improving stress-related symptoms. Daily intake of L plantarum strain PS128 could improve anxiety-like behaviors and may be helpful in ameliorating neuropsychiatric disorders. The consumption of probiotic yogurt or multispecies probiotic capsule had beneficial effects on mental health parameters. |
B longum,
B bifidum,
B breve, B infantis,
L helveticus,
L rhamnosus,
L acidophilus,
L casei,
L plantarum: Dr Formulated Probiotics Mood+ (Garden of Life) Primadophilus Optima (Nature’s Way) L helveticus, L rhamnosus, B longum: Xymogen Probio Defense L helveticus, B longum: Pure Encapsulations Probiomood L acidophilus, L rhamnosus; B bifidum/lactis, B longum: FLORASSIST Mood (Life Extension) L helveticus, L rhamnosus, L acidophilus, L casei, L plantarum strain PS128 (plantarum not strain specific): Jarro-Dophilus EPS 5 & 25 Billion (Jarrow Formulas) RAW Probiotics Ultimate Care (Garden of Life) Primadophilus Optima (Nature’s Way) PrepTonic Detox (Professional Botanicals) B longum, B bifidum, B breve, B infantis: Ther-Biotic for Infants, Children’s Chewable, Senior, LactoPrime Plus SCD Compliant (Klaire Labs) iFlora Multi Probiotic (Sedona Labs Pro) Broad Spectrum Probiotic (Progressive Labs) Kyo-Dophilus (Wakunaga) Dr Formulated Once Daily Women/Men, Organic Kids, Mood, Once Daily Ultra, Fitbiotic, Urinary Tract, Prostate+ (Garden of Life) Primadophilus for Children & Optima (Nature’s Way) Multi Probiotic 40 Billion (Douglas Labs) Proflora (BioBotanical Research) Gastro Complete (NewMark) |
B longum | None |
| B bifidum | Amande Cultured Almond Milk (Amande Yogurt19) Green Valley Organics Lactose-free Cow’s Milk Kefir (Green Valley Organics20) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cow’s Milk Yogurts (Springfield Creamery21) Trader Joe’s Cultured Coconut Milk (Trader Joe’s22) |
||||
| B breve | None | ||||
| B infantis | None | ||||
| L helveticus | Used in the production of various cheeses (Fox et al23 [2016]) | ||||
| L rhamnosus | Almond Dream Non-dairy Yogurt (Dream24) Amande Cultured Almond Milk (Amande Yogurt19) Green Valley Organics Lactose-Free Cow’s Milk Kefir (Green Valley Organics20) KeVita Kombucha Cleansing Probiotic Drink, Masterbrew, and Sparkling Probiotic Drink (KeVita25) Redwood Hill Farm Goat Milk Kefir (Redwood Hill Farm and Creamery26) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cow’s Milk Yogurts (Springfield Creamery21) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cultured Soy (Springfield Creamery27) Trader Joe’s Cultured Coconut Milk (Trader Joe’s22) |
||||
| L acidophilus | Almond Dream Non-dairy Yogurt (Dream24) Amande Cultured Almond Milk (Amande Yogurt19) Bellwether Farms Sheep’s Milk Yogurt (Bellwether Farms28) Coconut Grove Organic Cultured Coconut Milk (Coconut Grove Yogurt29) Dahlicious Cow’s Milk Lassi (Dahlicious30) Green Valley Organics Lactose-Free Cow’s Milk Kefir (Green Valley Organics20) Kite Hill Almond Milk Yogurt (Kite Hill31) Redwood Hill Farm Goat Milk Kefir (Redwood Hill Farm and Creamery26) Redwood Hill Farm Goat Milk Yogurt (Redwood Hill Farm and Creamery26) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cow’s Milk Yogurts (Springfield Creamery21) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cultured Soy (Springfield Creamery27) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Lowfat Plain Cow’s Milk Kefir (Springfield Creamery32) Stonyfield Organic O’Soy Soy Yogurt (Stonyfield Farm33) Trader Joe’s Cultured Coconut Milk (Trader Joe’s22) Wallaby Yogurt Company Organic Greek Whole Milk Plain Yogurt (Wallaby Yogurt Company34) |
||||
| L casei | Almond Dream Non-dairy Yogurt (Dream24) Amande Cultured Almond Milk (Amande Yogurt29) Dahlicious Cow’s Milk Lassi (Dahlicious30) Green Valley Organics Lactose-Free Cow’s Milk Kefir (Green Valley Organics20) Redwood Hill Farm Goat Milk Kefir (Redwood Hill Farm and Creamery26) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cow’s Milk Yogurts (Springfield Creamery21) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cultured Soy (Springfield Creamery27) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Lowfat Plain Cow’s Milk Kefir (Springfield Creamery32) Zukay Live Foods Fruit Kvass (Zukay Lives Foods35) Zukay Live Foods Veggie Kvass (Zukay Live Foods36) |
||||
| L plantarum strain PS128 | None | ||||
| Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder | |||||
| Partty et al3 (2015) | L rhamnosus GG | Probiotic supplementation (L rhamnosus GG) early in life may reduce risk of neuropsychiatric disorder development later in childhood. |
L rhamnosus
GG: Culturelle Solgar, Advanced 40+ Acidophilus Walgreens Probiotic Advanced Multi-Billion Dophilus (Solgar) Digestive Health Probiotic, Kids Chewables & Packets (Culturelle) UltraFlora Baby (Metagenics) |
L rhamnosus GG | None |
| Autism | |||||
| Wang et al14 (2016); Parracho15 (2010); Russo8 (2015); Tomova et al9 (2015); Critchfield et al16 (2011); Critchfield et al16 (2011) | B longum, B breve, B infantis, B bifidum, B breve, L acidophilus, L helveticus, L rhamnosus, L plantarum, L brevis, L casei, L salivarius, L paracasei, S thermophiles, Lactobacillus spp, Bifidobacterium spp |
B longum, B breve, B infantis, L helveticus, and L rhamnosus showed efficacy in improving psychiatric disorder-related behaviors including anxiety, depression, and autism spectrum disorder. Significant behavioral improvement when treated with L plantarum compared to autism spectrum disorder treated with placebo. S thermophilus, Bifidobacterium spp, and Lactobacillus spp provide various health benefits including decreased plasma myeloperoxidase upon ingestion and serve to normalize gut flora populations. Probiotic supplementation normalized the Bacteroidetes/Firmicutes ratio, Desulfovibrio spp, and the amount of Bifidobacterium spp in feces of children with autism. B infantis showed effects on immune, neuroendocrine, and central monoaminergic activity. A probiotic drink containing L casei has also revealed positive effects on mood and cognition. |
B longum,
B breve,
B infantis,
L helveticus,
L rhamnosus: Dr Formulated Mood+ (Garden of Life) L plantarum 299v: Digestive Health Probiotic (Nature Made, 10 billion CFU) Heart Healthy Probiotic Solutions (Dr Sinatra) Ideal Bowel Support (Jarrow Formulas 10 Billion Organisms V-Capsules) Probiata Digestion Support and Critical Care (Kyolic) Probiotic Supplement (GoodBelly) Plantadophilus (Transformation Enzyme Corp, 3 billion CFU) Probiotic GX (Nature’s Bounty) S thermophilus, Bifidobacterium spp, Lactobacilli spp: Widely available in commercial products L plantarum, B longum: Probiotic Balance (Sundown Naturals) Multi-Flora Adult Ultra (UAS Life Sciences) L rhamnosus, L acidophilus, L plantarum, L salivarius, L casei, B bifidum, B infantis, B longum, B breve: Dr Formulated Formulas (Garden of Life) Gastro Complete (NewMark) iFlora Multi-Probiotic Capsule 60 ct (Sedona Labs Pro) Multi-Probiotic 40 Billion (Douglas Labs) Prothera LactoPrime Plus L rhamnosus, L casei, L salivarius, B infantis, B bifidum, B longum, B breve: Dr Formulated Formulas (Garden of Life) Gastro Complete (NewMark) iFlora Multi-Probiotic Capsule 60 ct (Sedona Labs Pro) Multi-Probiotic 40 Billion (Douglas Labs) Ther-biotic Children’s Chewable L rhamnosus, B bifidum, L acidophilus, L casei, B longum, B breve: Dr Formulated Formulas (Garden of Life) Green SuperFood Raw Green SuperFood Raw Reserve Berry 8.5 oz (Amazing Grass) iFlora Multi-Probiotic Capsule 60 ct (Sedona Labs Pro) ImmuProbio One-a-Day (Health Aid America) Multi-Probiotic 40 Billion (Douglas Labs) Primal Defense Ultra (Garden of Life) Probiophage DF & Probiotic Supreme DF (Designs for Health) ProtoDophilus 50 Billion (Protocol For Life Balance) Ther-biotic Complete Prothera |
B longum | None |
| B breve | None | ||||
| B infantis | None | ||||
| B bifidum | Amande Cultured Almond Milk (Amande Yogurt19) Green Valley Organics Lactose-free Cow’s Milk Kefir (Green Valley Organics20) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cow’s Milk Yogurts (Springfield Creamery21) Trader Joe’s Cultured Coconut Milk (Trader Joe’s22) |
||||
| B breve | None | ||||
| L acidophilus | Almond Dream Non-dairy Yogurt (Dream24) Amande Cultured Almond Milk (Amande Yogurt19) Bellwether Farms Sheep’s Milk Yogurt (Bellwether Farms28) Coconut Grove Organic Cultured Coconut Milk (Coconut Grove Yogurt29) Dahlicious Cow’s Milk Lassi (Dahlicious30) Green Valley Organics Lactose-Free Cow’s Milk Kefir (Green Valley Organics20) Kite Hill Almond Milk Yogurt (Kite Hill31) Redwood Hill Farm Goat Milk Kefir (Redwood Hill Farm and Creamery26) Redwood Hill Farm Goat Milk Yogurt (Redwood Hill Farm and Creamery26) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cow’s Milk Yogurts (Springfield Creamery21) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cultured Soy (Springfield Creamery27) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Lowfat Plain Cow’s Milk Kefir (Springfield Creamery32) Stonyfield Organic O’Soy Soy Yogurt (Stonyfield Farm33) Trader Joe’s Cultured Coconut Milk (Trader Joe’s22) Wallaby Yogurt Company Organic Greek Whole Milk Plain Yogurt (Wallaby Yogurt Company34) |
||||
| L helveticus | Used in the production of various cheeses (Fox et al23 [2016]) | ||||
| L rhamnosus | Almond Dream Non-dairy Yogurt (Dream24) Amande Cultured Almond Milk (Amande Yogurt.com19) Green Valley Organics Lactose-Free Cow’s Milk Kefir (Green Valley Organics20) KeVita Kombucha Cleansing Probiotic Drink (KeVita25) KeVita Kombucha Masterbrew (KeVita25) KeVita Kombucha Sparkling Probiotic Drink (KeVita25) Redwood Hill Farm Goat Milk Kefir (Redwood Hill Farm and Creamery26) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cow’s Milk Yogurts (Springfield Creamery21) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cultured Soy (Springfield Creamery27) Trader Joe’s Cultured Coconut Milk (Trader Joe’s22) |
||||
| L plantarum | Farmhouse Culture Sauerkraut (Farmhouse Culture37) Green Olives (various brands; not refrigerated) (Abriouel38 [2012]; Doulgeraki et al39 [2013]) KeVita Kombucha Cleansing Probiotic Drink (KeVita25) KeVita Kombucha Sparkling Probiotic Drink (KeVita25) King’s Kimchi (King’s Asian Gourmet40) PureLiving Pickled Beets and Sauerkraut (Shiloh Farms41) Seoul Kimchi (Lucky Foods42) Wildbrine Kimchi, Kimchi Live Shots, Pickled Ginger, Salsa, and Sauerkraut (Wildbrine43) |
||||
| L brevis | Farmhouse Culture Sauerkraut (Farmhouse Culture37) King’s Kimchi (King’s Asian Gourmet40) PureLiving Pickled Beets and Sauerkraut (Shiloh Farms41) Seoul Kimchi (Lucky Foods42) Wildbrine Kimchi, Kimchi Live Shots, Pickled Ginger, Salsa, and Sauerkraut (Wildbrine43) |
||||
| L casei | Almond Dream Non-dairy Yogurt (Dream24) Amande Cultured Almond Milk (Amande Yogurt19) Dahlicious Cow’s Milk Lassi (Dahlicious30) Green Valley Organics Lactose-Free Cow’s Milk Kefir (Green Valley Organics20) Redwood Hill Farm Goat Milk Kefir (Redwood Hill Farm and Creamery26) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cow’s Milk Yogurts (Springfield Creamery21) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cultured Soy (Springfield Creamery27) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Lowfat Plain Cow’s Milk Kefir (Springfield Creamery32) Zukay Live Foods Fruit Kvass (Zukay Lives Foods35) Zukay Live Foods Veggie Kvass (Zukay Live Foods36) |
||||
| L salivarius | None | ||||
| L paracasei | KeVita Kombucha Cleansing Probiotic Drink and Sparkling Probiotic Drink (KeVita25) Wallaby Yogurt Company Organic Greek Whole Milk Plain Yogurt (Wallaby Yogurt Company34) |
||||
| S thermophiles | All yogurt containing “Live and Active Cultures” (National Yogurt Association44) Dahlicious Cow’s Milk Lassi (Dahlicious30) Dannon Activia Products and DanActive (Dannon45,46) Green Valley Organics Cow’s Milk Lactose Free Kefir (Green Valley Organics20) Redwood Hill Farm Goat Milk Kefir (Redwood Hill Farm and Creamery26) |
||||
| Lactobacillus spp | A variety of fermented dairy and nondairy foods Bubbies Kosher Dill Pickles (Bubbies of San Francisco47) Real Pickles Organic Dill Pickles (Real Pickles48) |
||||
| Bifidobacterium spp | A variety of cultured dairy foods and cultured dairy alternatives | ||||
| Depression | |||||
| Wang10 (2016); Akkasheh et al11 (2016); Liu et al1 (2016); Liu et al2 (2016); Mohammadi et al13 (2015) |
B longum, B bifidum, B breve, B infantis L helveticus, L rhamnosus, L acidophilus, L casei, L plantarum strain PS128 |
Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus showed efficacy in improving psychiatric disorder-related behaviors including anxiety, depression, autism spectrum disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, and memory abilities including spatial and nonspatial memory. Probiotic administration with L casei, L acidophilus, and Bifidobacterium for 8 wk had beneficial effects in Beck Depression Inventory, insulin, homeostasis, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein concentrations, and glutathione concentrations. Chronic ingestion of PS128 could ameliorate anxiety and depression-like behaviors and modulate neurochemicals related to affective disorders. PS128 shows psychotropic properties and has great potential for improving stress-related symptoms. Daily intake of L plantarum strain PS128 could improve anxiety-like behaviors and may be helpful in ameliorating neuropsychiatric disorders. The consumption of probiotic yogurt or multispecies probiotic capsule had beneficial effects on mental health parameters. |
B longum,
B bifidum,
B breve,
B infantis,
L helveticus,
L rhamnosus,
L acidophilus,
L casei,
L plantarum: Dr Formulated Probiotics Mood+ (Garden of Life) B lactis (infantis), B longum, L acidophilus: Probiotic Synergy powder (Designs for Health) B bifidum, B breve, B longum, L rhamnosis, L casei, L acidophilus, S thermophiles: Probiophage DF (Designs for Health) L acidophilus, B lactis, B longum, L plantarum, B bifidum, B infantis, L casei, L salivarius, S thermophiles: Integrative Therapeutics, Spectra Probiotic with Co-Factors L acidophilus, B bifidum, B infantis, Enterococcus faecium: Integrative Therapeutics, Enterogenic Concentrate L helveticus, L rhamnosus, B longum: Probio Defense (Xymogen) NutriVitamin Enzyme Comp w/o Iron (Integrative Therapeutics) Jarro-Dophilus EPS 5 Billion & 25 Billion (Jarrow Formulas) RAW Probiotics Ultimate & Colon Care (Garden of Life) Primadophilus Optima (Nature’s Way) L helveticus, B longum: FLORASSIST Mood (Life Extension) Pure Encapsulations Probiomood L acidophilus, L rhamnosus; B bifidum/lactis, B longum: Ther-biotic Complete & Senior (Klaire Labs) Multi-Probiotic 40 Billion (Douglas Labs) iFlora Multi-Probiotic Capsule 60 ct (Sedona Labs Pro) Primal Defense Ultra (Garden of Life) Dr Formulated Formulas (Garden of Life) RAW Probiotics Wom 50 & Wiser (Garden of Life) Ultimate FloraMax Total Woman (Advanced Naturals) FloraBoost (OrthoMolecular) Bifido Digest (Protocol for Life Balance) FlorAssist Probiotic (Life Extension) |
B longum | None |
| B bifidum | Amande Cultured Almond Milk (Amande Yogurt19) Green Valley Organics Lactose-free Cow’s Milk Kefir (Green Valley Organics20) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cow’s Milk Yogurts (Springfield Creamery21) Trader Joe’s Cultured Coconut Milk (Trader Joe’s22) |
||||
| B breve | None | ||||
| B infantis | None | ||||
| L helveticus | Used in the production of various cheeses (Fox et al23 [2016]) | ||||
| L rhamnosus | Almond Dream Non-dairy Yogurt (Dream24) Amande Cultured Almond Milk (Amande Yogurt19) Green Valley Organics Lactose-Free Cow’s Milk Kefir (Green Valley Organics20) KeVita Kombucha Cleansing Probiotic Drink, Masterbrew, and Sparkling Probiotic Drink (KeVita25) Redwood Hill Farm Goat Milk Kefir (Redwood Hill Farm and Creamery26) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cow’s Mlik Yogurts (Springfield Creamery21) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cultured Soy (Springfield Creamery27) Trader Joe’s Cultured Coconut Milk (Trader Joe’s22) |
||||
| L acidophilus | Almond Dream Non-dairy Yogurt (Dream24) Amande Cultured Almond Milk (Amande Yogurt19) Bellwether Farms Sheep’s Milk Yogurt (Bellwether Farms28) Coconut Grove Organic Cultured Coconut Milk (Coconut Grove Yogurt29) Dahlicious Cow’s Milk Lassi (Dahlicious30) Green Valley Organics Lactose-Free Cow’s Milk Kefir (Green Valley Organics20) Kite Hill Almond Milk Yogurt (Kite Hill31) Redwood Hill Farm Goat Milk Kefir (Redwood Hill Farm and Creamery26) Redwood Hill Farm Goat Milk Yogurt (Redwood Hill Farm and Creamery26) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cow’s Milk Yogurts (Springfield Creamery21) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cultured Soy (Springfield Creamery27) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Lowfat Plain Cow’s Milk Kefir (Springfield Creamery32) Stonyfield Organic O’Soy Soy Yogurt (Stonyfield Farm33) Trader Joe’s Cultured Coconut Milk (Trader Joe’s22) Wallaby Yogurt Company Organic Greek Whole Milk Plain Yogurt (Wallaby) |
||||
| L casei | Almond Dream Non-dairy Yogurt (Dream24) Amande Cultured Almond Milk (Amande Yogurt19) Dahlicious Cow’s Milk Lassi (Dahlicious30) Green Valley Organics Lactose-Free Cow’s Milk Kefir (Green Valley Organics20) Redwood Hill Farm Goat Milk Kefir (Redwood Hill Farm and Creamery26) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cow’s Milk Yogurts (Springfield Creamery21) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Cultured Soy (Springfield Creamery27) Springfield Creamery Nancy’s Organic Lowfat Plain Cow’s Milk Kefir (Springfield Creamery32) Zukay Live Foods Fruit Kvass (Zukay Lives Foods26) Zukay Live Foods Veggie Kvass (Zukay Live Foods36) |
||||
| L plantarum strain PS128 | None | ||||
| S thermophiles | All yogurt containing “Live and Active Cultures” (National Yogurt Association44) Dahlicious Cow’s Milk Lassi (Dahlicious30) Dannon Activia Products and DanActive (Dannon45,46) Green Valley Organics Cow’s Milk Lactose Free Kefir (Green Valley Organics20) Redwood Hill Farm Goat Milk Kefir (Redwood Hill Farm and Creamery26) |
||||
| Lactobacillus spp | A variety of fermented dairy and nondairy foods Bubbies Kosher Dill Pickles (Bubbies of San Francisco47) Real Pickles Organic Dill Pickles (Real Pickles48) |
||||
| Bifidobacterium spp | A variety of cultured dairy foods and cultured dairy alternatives | ||||