Table 1. List of variables collected from articles included in the review of the effects of non-consumptive recreation on animals.
| Category | Variable | Description or list of categories | Data type |
|---|---|---|---|
| Publication | Author(s) | text | |
| Title | text | ||
| Journal | text | ||
| Journal type | Behavior, conservation, ecology, ecosystem/region-specific, general biology, taxa-specific, zoology/wildlife, other | categorical | |
| Publication year | numeric | ||
| Geographic | Continent | categorical | |
| Country | text | ||
| Habitat type | Agricultural, beach, desert, forest, freshwater, grassland, marine, polar, shoreline, urban, scrub/shrub, tundra, wetland, other | categorical | |
| Study design | Measure of recreation* | Direct observation, experimental treatment, expert opinion, remote monitoring, permitted use, proxy | categorical |
| Experiment | Was it an experimental study? | yes/no | |
| Control | Did the study include a control treatment? (e.g. a “no-recreation” site) | yes/no | |
| Replication | Did the study replicate treatments, study sites, observation periods, etc? | yes/no | |
| Effect | Effect* | Did the authors find a significant recreation impact? | yes/no |
| Effect direction* | Positive, negative, unclear | categorical | |
| Taxonomic | Multiple species | Were multiple species studied? | yes/no |
| Taxa group | Amphibian, bird, fish, invertebrate, mammal, reptile | categorical | |
| Scientific name* | text | ||
| Common name* | text | ||
| Recreation | Activity* | Alpine skiing, beach use, biking, boating (non-motorized), camping, nordic ski/snowshoeing, dog-walking, equestrian, hiking/running, motorized (boat), motorized (land), motorized (snow), swimming/diving, wildlife feeding, wildlife viewing (boat), wildlife viewing (land), other (aquatic), other (terrestrial) | categorical |
| Response | Type* | Abundance, behavioral, community (species richness, diversity, or composition), occurrence, physiological, reproductive, survival, other | categorical |
| Management | Recommendations | Cap visitation, improve infrastructure, rule change, staff training, spatial restrictions, temporal restrictions, visitor education, none, other | categorical |
* For articles that studied multiple species, recreation activities, or response variables, we treated each combination of variables as a separate “result,” and recorded the information marked with an asterisk (*) for each result individually.