Table 3. Best Fitting Models and Fixed-Effects Parameters (Experiment 1).

Analysis region	Reading measure	Model	Fixed effects	Coefficient	SE	t
Note. fp = first-pass; rp = regression path; tt = total reading time.
Precritical	fp	∼ 1 + (1 + explicitness | subject) + (1 + explicitness | item)	(Intercept)	252.5	10	25
	rp	∼ explicitness + (1 | subject) + (1 | item)	(Intercept)	307.9	21	14.6
			Explicitness	54.4	22.3	2.4
	tt	∼ 1 + (1 + literality × explicitness | subject) + (1 + literality × explicitness | item)	(Intercept)	383.4	23.4	16.4
Critical	fp	∼ 1 + (1 + literality × explicitness | subject) + (1 + literality × explicitness | item)	(Intercept)	276.2	16.6	16.6
	rp	∼ literality + (1 | subject) + (1 + explicitness | item)	(Intercept)	424	45.4	9.3
			Literality	92	25.7	3.6
	tt	∼ literality + (1 + literality | subject) + (1 + literality × explicitness | item)	(Intercept)	343.5	32.2	10.7
			Literality	87.9	23	3.8
Postcritical	fp	∼ literality × explicitness + (1 + literality × explicitness | subject) + (1 + literality × explicitness | item)	(Intercept)	394.3	21.5	18.4
			Literality	66.1	26.7	2.5
			Explicitness	78.5	27.8	2.8
			Literality × explicitness	−87.3	35.5	−2.5
	rp	∼ literality + (1 + literality × explicitness | subject) + (1 + literality × explicitness | item)	(Intercept)	530.2	35.3	15.02
			Literality	80.5	30	2.7
	tt	∼ literality + (1 + literality × explicitness | subject) + (1 + literality × explicitness | item)	(Intercept)	518.3	33	15.7
			Literality	66.1	23.3	2.8