Table 5. Best Fitting Models and Fixed-Effects Parameters (Experiment 2).

Analysis region	Reading measure	Model	Fixed effects	Coefficient	SE	t
Note. fp = first-pass; rp = regression path; tt = total reading time.
Precritical	fp	∼ familiarity × explicitness + (1 + literality | subject) + (1 | item)	(Intercept)	257.9	9.6	26.9
			Familiarity	−3.3	8	−0.4
			Explicitness	20.3	7.9	2.6
			Familiarity × explicitness	−29.6	11.2	−2.6
	rp	∼ familiarity + (1 + literality | subject) + (1 | item)	(Intercept)	375.9	17	22.2
			Familiarity	−42.1	13.3	−3.2
	tt	∼ literality + familiarity + (1 + literality × explicitness | subject) + (1 | item)	(Intercept)	328.5	15.9	20.7
			Literality	37.9	9	4.2
			Familiarity	23	8	2.9
Critical	fp	∼ literality + familiarity + (1 + explicitness | subject) + (1 + literality | item)	(Intercept)	212.2	8	26.5
			Literality	10.3	4.9	2.1
			Familiarity	38.9	4.6	8.5
	rp	∼ literality × familiarity + (1 + explicitness | subject) + (1 + literality | item)	(Intercept)	307.3	20.8	14.7
			Literality	17.6	20.2	0.9
			Familiarity	92.4	19	4.9
			Literality × Familiarity	57.9	26.8	2.2
	tt	∼ literality × familiarity + (1 + literality × familiarity | subject) + (1 | item)	(Intercept)	258.7	13.2	19.6
			Literality	26.5	10.9	2.4
			Familiarity	59.3	10.6	5.6
			Literality × familiarity	29.1	14.6	2
Postcritical	fp	∼ literality + (1 + literality × explicitness | subject) + (1 | item)	(Intercept)	408.9	17.2	23.8
			Literality	42.5	7.8	5.5
	rp	∼ literality + familiarity + (1 + literality × familiarity | subject) + (1 | item)	(Intercept)	470.7	23.9	19.7
			Literality	90.4	22.5	4
			Familiarity	46.7	17.7	2.6
	tt	∼ literality + familiarity + (1 + literality × explicitness | subject) + (1 + literality | item)	(Intercept)	490.6	25.4	19.3
			Literality	74.2	18.6	4
			Familiarity	31.6	10.5	3