Table 1.

Inclusion and exclusion criteria

Inclusion criteria	Exclusion criteria
Patients aged 25–65 years	Presence of periodontal disease or periapical lesions
Ability to participate in this study	History of bone augmentation at the implant site in the past 6 months
No systemic diseases (e.g., diabetes, osteoporosis, hypertension, etc.)	History of tooth extraction at the implant site in the past 6 months
Nonsmokers	A need for submersion of an implant
No contraindication for minor oral surgery	Requirement for grafting of bone or soft tissue at the time of implant insertion
No psychosis or psychiatric disorders	Pregnancy or positive to pregnancy test
No uncontrolled bleeding disorders	Postmenopausal women
No bisphosphonate, hormone replacement, or corticosteroid drug use	Physical disorders which would interfere with the ability to maintain oral health care
No anti-inflammatory drug use for 6 months before surgery
Never received radiotherapy of the head and neck region
Adequate oral hygiene (average modified sulcus bleeding index ≤1, average modified plaque index ≤1)
Adequate bone volume to achieve the plan without other surgery (bone height ≥12 mm, bone width ≥7 mm)
Existing healthy contralateral posterior mandibular tooth