Table 1.
The presence of VIP elements in the vertebrate SBN and mesolimbic reward system and proposed neural hotspots for the regulation of affiliation, aggression, and parental care by VIP
| Area | VIP cells | VIP fibers | VIP receptors |
|---|---|---|---|
| SBN | |||
| POA-hypothalamus | |||
| POA | +++ | +++ | + |
| AH | ++ + (Ag/Pa, c) | ++ + (Ag/Pb) | + |
| PVN | + | +++ | ++ |
| VMH | ++ + (Ag/Pc) | ++ (Ag/Pb) | + |
| IH | +++ | ++ | |
| INF | ++ + (Ag/Pa) | ++ | + |
| ME | ++ + (Ag/Pa) | ++ | |
| Extended amygdala | |||
| MeA, anterior | +++ | ++ | ++ (A) |
| MeA, posterior | +++ | ++ | ++ (A) |
| BSTm | + | ++ (A) | + (A) |
| BSTl | +++ | ++ | |
| Septum | |||
| LSr | − | ++ | ++ (A) |
| LSc.d (pallial) | − | +++ | +++ |
| LSc, (subpallial), | − | +++ | ++ (A) |
| nPC | − | ++ | |
| CcS | − | ++ + (Ag/Pb) | + |
| LSO, medial | + | + | |
| Midbrain | |||
| CG | +++ | ++ | |
| ICo, medial | +++ | +++ | |
| ICo, lateral | + | ||
| VTA, rostral* | +++ | +++ | |
| VTA, caudal* | +++ | ++ | |
| Mesolimbic reward system | |||
| Str | +++ | + | ++ |
| NAcc | +++ | +++ | |
| VP | ++ | ||
| HIP | ++ | ++ | ++ |
| Other telencephalic | |||
| Medial nidopallium | − | + (A) | ++ + (A) |
| Rostral arcopallium, dorsal | + | ++ (A) | |
| Rostral arcopallium, lateral | + | ++ (A) |
Source: Data was generated from Goodson et al. (2006, 2012b), Kingsbury et al. (2015), and Wilson et al. (2016).
Notes: (−) Areas where no VIP elements were observed. An absence of − or + indicate brain areas not measured. (A): Neural hotspot for the regulation of affiliative behavior by VIP. For (A), a positive relationship between VIP elements and social affiliation was observed.
(Ag/P): Neural hotspot for the regulation of a trade-off between aggression and parental care by VIP.
Superscripts indicate the different studies where the trade-off was observed:
c Kingsbury et al. (2015); findings for VIP/Fos co-labeled cells are presented rather than VIP cell number.